Optical atomic clocks

Andrew D. Ludlow; Martin M. Boyd; Jun Ye; E. Peik; P. O. Schmidt

doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.637

Optical atomic clocks

Andrew D. Ludlow^1,2, Martin M. Boyd^1,3, Jun Ye¹, E. Peik⁴, and P. O. Schmidt^4,5

Andrew D. Ludlow^1,2, Martin M. Boyd^1,3, and Jun Ye¹

¹JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
²National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
³AOSense, 929 E. Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA

E. Peik⁴ and P. O. Schmidt^4,5

⁴Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
⁵Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany

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Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 637 – Published 26 June, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.637

Abstract

Optical atomic clocks represent the state of the art in the frontier of modern measurement science. In this article a detailed review on the development of optical atomic clocks that are based on trapped single ions and many neutral atoms is provided. Important technical ingredients for optical clocks are discussed and measurement precision and systematic uncertainty associated with some of the best clocks to date are presented. An outlook on the exciting prospect for clock applications is given in conclusion.

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