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Autocracy and Consensus: Aspects of Hōjō Rule in Japan’s First Shogunate JREF
Christian Werner, in: Die ‚Alleinherrschaft’ der russischen Zaren in der ‚Zeit der Wirren‘
Downloads
399
Updated
Uesugi Kiyoko (1270–1342) was the mother of the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate, Takauji.
income tax filing and Year-end Tax Adjustment in Japan
Downloads
1,902
Updated
Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling JREF
Duggan, Mark, and Steven D. Levitt. 2002. "Winning Isn't Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling ."
Downloads
804
Updated
Tōkeiji's Business: the Agency of Nuns in the Early Modern Period JREF
Tōkeiji's Business: the Agency of Nuns in the Early Modern Period
Downloads
1,457
Updated
Kanji Breakthrough JREF
Kanji Breakthrough 2022-03-14
A download of Mary’s “Kanji Breakthrough,” a series of lessons originally published in 2007.
Downloads
1,732
Updated
MEXT Recommendation Form JREF
MEXT Recommendation Form for Colleges
Xano Mincho U32 JREF
Xano Mincho U32 2021-03-22
Xano Mincho Font (XANO明朝フォント) is a formal-looking mincho font.
Downloads
1,986
Updated

Latest articles

JREF
Updated
9 min read
Views
73,179
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1
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1
When Japanese tie the knot Marriage in Japan has changed considerably over the centuries. Courtly visiting relationships, alliances between warrior families, household succession and modern romantic partnerships all belong to its history. No single marriage pattern has been shared by everyone in...
JREF
Updated
20 min read
Views
12,832
Mito daimyō and iconic drama character Tokugawa Mitsukuni (徳川光圀, 1628–1701) was the second lord of the Mito Domain in present-day Ibaraki Prefecture and a grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, 1543–1616), the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. Mito belonged to the Tokugawa Gosanke (徳川御三家), the...
JREF
Updated
24 min read
Views
35,963
Comments
3
The Last True Samurai and True Last SamuraiBorn into a lower-ranking samurai family in Kagoshima, Saigō Takamori (西郷隆盛, 1828–1877) became one of the principal architects of the Meiji Restoration. He helped overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate, negotiated the peaceful surrender of Edo Castle and...
JREF
Updated
4 min read
Views
3,647
Reaction score
1
Inage Shigenari (稲毛重成, d. 1205), also known as Inage Saburō Shigenari, was a warrior of the late Heian and early Kamakura periods and a retainer of the Kamakura shogunate. He belonged to the Chichibu clan, a branch of the Kanmu Taira, and held Inage-shō (稲毛荘), an estate in Musashi Province...
JREF
17 min read
Views
149
Reaction score
1
Nakamura Utaemon III as Ishikawa Goemon in the kabuki play Kinmon Gosan no Kiri. Colour woodblock print by Shunkōsai Hokushū, 1822. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.The Historical Goemon and the Age of HideyoshiIshikawa Goemon (石川五右衛門, d. 1594) was a Japanese outlaw active during the...
JREF
Updated
2 min read
Views
5,927
Comments
2
Hōjō Masako (北条政子, 1157–1225) was the eldest daughter of Hōjō Tokimasa (北条時政, 1138–1215), the wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝, 1147–1199), and the mother of two of his successors, Minamoto no Yoriie (源頼家, 1182–1204) and Minamoto no Sanetomo (源実朝, 1192–1219). Around 1177, she married Yoritomo...
JREF
23 min read
Views
199
Reaction score
2
Ōuchi Yoshitaka (大内義隆, 1507–1551) was a military lord, provincial governor and court noble of the Sengoku period. The sixteenth head of the Ōuchi house, he ruled from Yamaguchi in Suō Province, in what is now eastern Yamaguchi Prefecture. He held the military governorships of Suō, Nagato, Iwami...
JREF
Updated
18 min read
Views
319
全体として自然で、調査基準も明確です。ただ、「蔵、酒蔵、工場」の重複や、末尾で更新・訂正について繰り返し述べる部分を整理すると、読みやすくなります。以下、書式を保った修正版です。 このページでは、日本国内で現在日本酒を製造している酒蔵を掲載しています。日本酒製造免許を保有するすべての事業者や、過去に日本酒を製造していた事業者を網羅した一覧ではありません。 調査方法本一覧では、個々の銘柄や製造施設ではなく、現在日本酒を製造している酒蔵・酒造会社を対象としています。同じ酒蔵・酒造会社が複数の蔵や工場を運営している場合も、1社として数えています。...
JREF
Updated
22 min read
Views
314
How many active sake breweries are there in Japan?As of 12 October 2026, JREF has identified 1,344 active sake breweries in Japan. This figure counts breweries or brewing companies currently producing sake, rather than individual licences, brands or production facilities. Different sources...
JREF
4 min read
Views
280
Mount Fuji: introduction and geography [/URL][/URL]These are approximate walking times. Allow additional time for breaks, congestion and the effects of altitude. Reaching the highest point at Kengamine or walking around the summit crater also adds to the journey. Preparing for the climb Wear...

Latest journal entries

thomas
6 min read
Views
1K
Comments
4
Culture
Last Wednesday, I finally managed to find enough time to visit one of the most fascinating special exhibitions of the year at the Tōkyō National Museum in Ueno: "The Maeda: Legacy of a Prosperous Samurai Family." Most of the exhibits are normally displayed in Kanazawa, while museums and...
thomas
3 min read
Views
816
Travel & Nature
We'd passed through the Oyamada district of Machida countless times, burning rubber on our road bikes. Today, by sheer coincidence, we took a different turn and found this hidden gem of a temple. Oyamada was the family name of a local clan that controlled territory in modern-day Machida and...
thomas
4 min read
Views
1K
Reaction score
2
Travel & Nature
When we first visited Himeji Castle in December 2013, we were rather disappointed to discover that it was undergoing major restoration work, with the main keep and several other structures hidden behind enormous scaffolding erected to protect the donjon and its roofs from the elements. Little...
thomas
Updated
3 min read
Views
4K
Reaction score
1
Travel & Nature
Local sights and landmarks: Sakunobe Castle. Sakunobe Castle (作延城 Sakunobe-jō) was a flat mountain castle (平山城 hirayamajō) in present-day Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, allegedly constructed by Inage Saburō Shigenari (稲毛三郎重成), a member of the Oyamada clan in the early Kamakura period...
LightBluzz
3 min read
Views
2K
Blogroll
From Leather Imitations to Global Luxury Japanese wallpaper tells a story that most people never hear. While we're familiar with zen gardens and tea ceremonies, the art of decorating walls has quietly shaped Japanese interiors for generations, evolving through political upheaval, economic...
thomas
4 min read
Views
3K
Reaction score
7
Travel & Nature
The Miura Peninsula (三浦半島 Miura-hantō), nestled in southern Kanagawa, is renowned for its stunning coastal landscapes, rich history, and delectable seafood. Its picturesque beaches, rugged cliffs, and charming little harbours offer a serene escape from urban life. Historical cities like...
Mikawa Ossan
2 min read
Views
6K
Reaction score
19
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10
Blogroll
Some may recall that I left Japan due to concerns of my father's health at the time. He had cancer (again), and had a severe stroke not long before. It seemed that it was time for him to cast aside his mortal coil and leave this Earth. However, Fate had other plans in mind, thankfully. That...
CalixBooks
2 min read
Views
2K
Reaction score
1
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1
Blogroll
I bought this Japanese Censor here in New England and when I researched the silversmith, Paris France, they were in business from 1880's to about the 1900's and then no longer existed. What's interesting about the piece is the color combination and the artwork on the piece. Japanese export...
Mikawa Ossan
3 min read
Views
4K
Reaction score
6
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5
Blogroll
I used to have a breadmaker in Japan that I had picked up when someone threw it away. Other than the vent's grill on the top being cracked and missing part of the grill, the breadmaker was perfectly fine. All you had to do was measure out the ingredients, put them in the machine in the proper...
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Haruto Uzumaki
5 min read
3.00 star(s) 2 ratings
Views
10K
Reaction score
6
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5
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1
Life in Japan
As you might know, kabukicho can be a little different compared to the rest of Tokyo and most of Japan. In a way, I decided to use that to my advantage and spent quite some time there (not buying any special services there though 🤨). Because of my frequency around the area, I can recall various...

Latest items

JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
69
Reviews
1
A limited autumn junmai ginjō from Saitama, matured over summer for greater depth and bottled undiluted at 16%. Enjoy chilled or warmed alongside seasonal dishes.
Prefecture
Saitama (埼玉)
Style
  1. Genshu (原酒), undiluted
  2. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Umami
Rice type
Domestic rice (国産米)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
60%
Alcohol content
16%
SMV
±0
Acidity
1.5
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
  2. Hiya (冷や), room temperature
  3. Hitohadakan (人肌燗), around 35°C
Production date
August 2026
Brewery
Koyama Honke Shuzō
Name in Japanese
小山本家酒造
Address
1798 Sashiogi, Nishi-ku, Saitama, 331-0047
Phone
048-623-0011
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
117
Reviews
1
Raifuku Junmai Ginjō Aiyama is made with Hyōgo-grown Aiyama rice polished to 50%. Gentle fruity aromas, soft sweetness and rounded rice flavour define this pasteurised sake from Ibaraki.
Prefecture
Ibaraki (茨城)
Style
  1. Muroka (無濾過), unfiltered
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
  2. Umami
Rice type
Aiyama (愛山)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
50%
Yeast
Tokyo University of Agriculture isolate (東農大分離株)
Alcohol content
15%
Brewing alcohol
No
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
  2. Hiya (冷や), room temperature
Brewery
Raifuku Shuzō
Name in Japanese
来福酒造
Address
1626 Murata, Chikusei, Ibaraki 300-4546
Phone
0296-52-2448
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
112
Reviews
1
Daisekkei with a difference: a limited junmai ginjō made from Omachi rice grown in Azumino, with fruity aromas, gentle sweetness and a refreshing hint of citrus-like bitterness.
Prefecture
Nagano (長野)
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
  2. Citrusy
Rice type
Omachi (雄町)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
55%
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
−3.0
Acidity
1.7
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Hiire (火入れ), pasteurised
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
Production date
August 2026
Brewery
Daisekkei Shuzō
Name in Japanese
大雪渓酒造株式会社
Address
9642-2 Aisome, Ikeda-machi, Kitaazumi-gun, Nagano 399-8602
Phone
0261-62-3125
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
94
Reviews
1
An autumn sake from Nagano, made with Hitogokochi rice and matured over the summer. Its rounded rice flavour and savoury richness make it well suited to meals.
Prefecture
Nagano (長野)
Style
  1. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Umami
Rice type
Hitogokochi (ひとごこち)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
59%
Alcohol content
16%
SMV
+4.0
Acidity
1.7
Amino acidity
1.2
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Hiire (火入れ), pasteurised
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
  2. Hiya (冷や), room temperature
  3. Hinatakan (日向燗), around 30°C
  4. Hitohadakan (人肌燗), around 35°C
Production date
September 2026
Brewery
Daisekkei Shuzō
Name in Japanese
大雪渓酒造株式会社
Address
9642-2 Aisome, Ikeda-machi, Kitaazumi-gun, Nagano 399-8602
Phone
0261-62-3125
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
141
Reviews
1
A seasonal junmai ginjō from Miyagi, matured over the summer for a softer, rounded flavour. Subtle banana and melon aromas meet refreshing acidity and a clean finish; enjoy chilled alongside seafood.
Prefecture
Miyagi (宮城)
Style
  1. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
Rice type
Kura no Hana (蔵の華)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
55%
Yeast
Miyagi yeast (宮城酵母)
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
+4.0
Acidity
1.6
Amino acidity
1.1
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Hiire (火入れ), pasteurised
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
Brewery
Niizawa Jōzōten
Name in Japanese
新澤醸造店
Address
63 Kitamachi, Sanbongi, Ōsaki-shi, Miyagi 989-6321
Phone
0229-52-3002
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
133
Reviews
1
An autumn junmai from Shizuoka, made with Yamada Nishiki rice and matured over summer for a rounded, rich flavour. Enjoy chilled or warmed alongside hotpot dishes or fatty seafood.
Prefecture
Shizuoka (静岡)
Style
  1. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
  2. Umami
Rice type
Yamada Nishiki (山田錦)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
55%
Yeast
Shizuoka yeast (静岡酵母)
Alcohol content
16%
SMV
+3.0
Acidity
1.4
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Namazume (生詰酒), pasteurised once before storage
Production date
August 2026
Brewery
Doi Shuzōjō
Name in Japanese
土井酒造場
Address
633 Onuki, Kakegawa, Shizuoka 437-1407
Phone
0537-74-2006
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
159
Reviews
1
An unfiltered autumn junmai ginjō from Ikekame in Fukuoka, matured over summer for a rounded flavour with refreshing character. Enjoy lightly chilled or gently warmed.
Prefecture
Fukuoka (福岡)
Style
  1. Muroka (無濾過), unfiltered
  2. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
  2. Umami
Rice type
Domestic rice (国産米)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
60%
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
±0
Acidity
1.4
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Namazume (生詰酒), pasteurised once before storage
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
  2. Hinatakan (日向燗), around 30°C
Production date
August 2026
Brewery
Ikekame Shuzō
Name in Japanese
池亀酒造
Address
545 Mizumamachi Kusaba, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0105
Phone
0942-64-3101
Website
Online store
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
223
Reviews
1
An autumn junmai sake from Saga, made with Omachi rice and cosmos flower yeast. Matured over summer, it combines gentle rice flavour with refreshing acidity and can be enjoyed chilled or gently warmed.
Prefecture
Saga (佐賀)
Style
  1. Hiyaoroshi (ひやおろし), autumn-matured
Taste profile
  1. Umami
Rice type
Omachi (雄町)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
65%
Yeast
Cosmos flower yeast (コスモス酵母)
Alcohol content
15%
SMV
+5.2
Acidity
1.4
Amino acidity
0.7
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Namazume (生詰酒), pasteurised once before storage
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
Production date
Autumn release; the 2026 release was announced on 7 August.
Brewery
Amabuki Shuzō
Name in Japanese
天吹酒造
Address
2894 Higashio, Miyaki-chō, Miyaki-gun, Saga Prefecture, 849-0113
Phone
0942-89-2001
Website
Online store
JREF
5.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
163
Reviews
1
Bottled directly after pressing, this unpasteurised, undiluted sake is made from Nagano-grown Hitogokochi rice. It combines rounded savoury flavour with citrus-like acidity and a slight natural fizz.
Prefecture
Nagano (長野)
Style
  1. Genshu (原酒), undiluted
  2. Muroka (無濾過), unfiltered
Taste profile
  1. Citrusy
  2. Umami
Rice type
Hitogokochi (ひとごこち)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
59%
Alcohol content
17%
SMV
+3
Acidity
2.1
Amino acidity
1.2
Brewing alcohol
No
Pasteurisation
Namazake (生酒), unpasteurised
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
Production date
September 2026
Brewery
Daisekkei Shuzō
Name in Japanese
大雪渓酒造株式会社
Address
9642-2 Aisome, Ikeda-machi, Kitaazumi-gun, Nagano 399-8602
Phone
0261-62-3125
Website
JREF
4.00 star(s) 1 ratings
Views
110
Reviews
1
An unpasteurised, undiluted sake made with Okayama-grown Omachi rice and begonia flower yeast. Rich and full-flavoured, with fresh fruit aromas and firm acidity.
Prefecture
Ibaraki (茨城)
Style
  1. Genshu (原酒), undiluted
Taste profile
  1. Fruity
  2. Umami
Rice type
Omachi (雄町)
Polishing rate (semaibuai)
50%
Yeast
Begonia flower yeast (花酵母ベゴニア)
Alcohol content
17%
Pasteurisation
Namazake (生酒), unpasteurised
Serving
  1. Reishu (冷酒), chilled
Production date
August 2026
Brewery
Raifuku Shuzō
Name in Japanese
来福酒造
Address
1626 Murata, Chikusei, Ibaraki 300-4546
Phone
0296-52-2448
Website

Latest items

JREF
Updated
Views
507
Clicks
102
Pharmaceuticals
Maker of enzymes for pharmeceuticals, diagnostic medicines, and the food industry. Head office in Nagoya.
Japanese listed-company dividend and financial history based on EDINET filings, with sources and methodology. Not investment advice.
Hitachinokuni Ninja Academy is an outdoor activity and cultural experience centre in Hitachi-Ōta, Ibaraki Prefecture.
JREF
Updated
Views
1K
Clicks
158
Construction and Engineering
Construction contractor providing electric facility installations.
JREF
Updated
Views
375
Clicks
24
Blogs
Japanese Hobby is a blog dedicated to learning Japanese through manga, books and other reading materials.
JREF
Updated
Views
341
Clicks
398
Japanese Missions
Visa information, historical relations, economy & trade, cultural exchange between Oman and Japan.
JREF
Updated
Views
435
Clicks
177
Japanese Missions
Visa information, bilateral relations.
JREF
Updated
Views
432
Clicks
465
Shizuoka Prefecture
Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture; sightseeing, illustrated guide to Mt. Fuji, ascent, Fujinomiya Fall Festival, photo gallery.
JREF
Updated
Views
639
Clicks
678
Cultural Institutions
JICC is located on the lower level of the glass enclosed Galleria at Lafayette Centre III in downtown Washington, DC.
Kaigan Club is a web-based Japanese reading platform.

Latest items

JREF
Views
80
Reaction score
2
This is a fresh and surprising account of Japan's culture from the 'opening up' of the country in the mid-nineteenth century to the present.
Author
Christopher Harding
Publisher
Penguin Books Ltd
Year of publication
1 August 2019
Number of pages
528
Price
£12.99
ISBN
978-0141985374
JREF
Views
347
Minamoto Yoshitsune should not have been a samurai. But his story is a legend in this real-life saga. This epic tale of warriors and bravery, rebellion and revenge, reads like a novel, but it is the true story of the greatest samurai in Japanese history. When Yoshitsune was just a baby, his...
Author
Turner, Pamela S.
Publisher
Charlesbridge
Year of publication
2016
Number of pages
256
Price
USD 9.99
ISBN
978-1580895842
History Sekigahara 1600
JREF
Views
297
Osprey's Campaign title for Sekigahara (1600), which was the most decisive battle in Japanese history. Fought against the ritualised and colourful backdrop of Samurai life, it was the culmination of a long-standing power struggle between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Hashiba Hideyoshi, two of the most...
Author
Anthony J Bryant
Publisher
Osprey Publishing
Year of publication
1995
Number of pages
96
Price
USD 25.00
ISBN
978-1855323957
History Samurai
JREF
Views
331
This groundbreaking book, accompanying a major exhibition at the British Museum, challenges preconceptions of the samurai as a universal icon, tracing their fascinating history from medieval warriors to a global pop culture phenomenon.
Author
Buckland, Rosina/Benesch, Oleg
Publisher
The British Museum Press
Year of publication
2026
Number of pages
304
Price
GBP 40.00
ISBN
9780714137018
JREF
Views
1K
An English translation of Shōsetsu Nihonshi (詳説日本史, 日B309), Japan’s most widely trusted high school history textbook, presenting a clear and accessible account of Japan’s past.
Author
佐藤 信 (Editor), 五味 文彦 (Editor), 高埜 利彦 (Editor), 近藤 成一 (Consultant Editor, Translator), 亀井 ダイチ 利永子 (Translator), 亀井 ダイチ アンドリュー (Translator)
Publisher
山川出版社
Year of publication
23 March 2024
Number of pages
512
Price
JPY 3,300
ISBN
978-4634591165
Travel Book Insider's Tokyo
JREF
Views
484
Reaction score
1
Unravels hidden facts, fascinating stories, faces and places of Tokyo's ancient history and vibrant present
Author
Angela Jeffs
Publisher
Times Books International
Year of publication
2001
Number of pages
280
Price
JPY 1,406 (Amazon)
ISBN
978-9812049117
JREF
Views
1K
This book is an introduction to significant people and events - cultural, social, political, and historical - spanning the beginning of the Kamakura period in 1185 through the end of the Edo (Tokugawa) period in 1868.
Author
WIlliam E. Deal
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Year of publication
October 3, 2007 (paperback)
Number of pages
415
Price
£23.99
ISBN
978-0195331264
Fiction Three Assassins
JREF
Views
1K
A propulsive new thriller from the bestselling author of "Bullet Train"
Author
Kotaro Isaka
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
16 February 2023
Number of pages
304
Price
GBP 9.99
ISBN
9781529115512
Fiction The Mantis
JREF
Views
1K
Good dad or good assassin? Can he be both?
Author
Isaka Kotaro
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
25 April 2024
Number of pages
272
Price
GBP 9.99
ISBN
9781529920666
Fiction Bullet Train
JREF
Views
1K
Five killers. One journey. But who will survive?
Author
Isaka Kotaro
Publisher
Penguin Random House Vintage
Year of publication
21 July 2022
Number of pages
464
Price
GBP 8.99
ISBN
9781529116267
Tailor your train travel!

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