Articles by JREF

JREF
17 min read
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Nakamura Utaemon III as Ishikawa Goemon in the kabuki play Kinmon Gosan no Kiri. Colour woodblock print by Shunkōsai Hokushū, 1822. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.The Historical Goemon and the Age of HideyoshiIshikawa Goemon (石川五右衛門, d. 1594) was a Japanese outlaw active during the...
JREF
23 min read
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Ōuchi Yoshitaka (大内義隆, 1507–1551) was a military lord, provincial governor and court noble of the Sengoku period. The sixteenth head of the Ōuchi house, he ruled from Yamaguchi in Suō Province, in what is now eastern Yamaguchi Prefecture. He held the military governorships of Suō, Nagato, Iwami...
JREF
4 min read
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280
Mount Fuji: introduction and geography [/URL][/URL]These are approximate walking times. Allow additional time for breaks, congestion and the effects of altitude. Reaching the highest point at Kengamine or walking around the summit crater also adds to the journey. Preparing for the climb Wear...
JREF
19 min read
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Ōuchi Yoshioki was the fifteenth head of the Ōuchi clan and one of the foremost military figures of the early Sengoku period. Based in Yamaguchi, he exerted influence over western Honshū and northern Kyūshū. His role in Muromachi shogunate politics led to the deposed Ashikaga shōgun being...
JREF
13 min read
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Ōuchi Masahiro was a provincial military governor and the fourteenth head of the Ōuchi clan. A leading commander of the Western Army during the Ōnin War, he spent much of the conflict campaigning in Kyōto and the surrounding provinces while his retainers defended his western domains. After...
JREF
7 min read
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Ōuchi Yoshihiro (大内義弘, 1356–11399) was a military leader and the tenth head of the Ōuchi clan. From its base in Suō, the family expanded across western Honshū and northern Kyūshū during his lifetime. Yoshihiro served the Muromachi shogunate in Kyūshū, fought for Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (足利義満...
JREF
6 min read
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Ōuchi Hiroyo (大内弘世, d. 1380) was a military leader of the Northern and Southern Courts period and a pivotal figure in the rise of the Ōuchi clan. He brought Suō and Nagato, the two provinces that remained the centre of Ōuchi power, under his control. He later served the Muromachi shogunate as...
JREF
Updated
47 min read
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306
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The Ōuchi clan (大内氏 Ōuchi-shi) was one of the most powerful warrior families of western Japan during the Muromachi and early Sengoku periods. Originally based in Suō Province, roughly corresponding to eastern Yamaguchi Prefecture, the clan gradually extended its authority into Nagato and...
JREF
7 min read
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181
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Konishi Yukinaga (小西行長, d. 1600) was a commander and Christian lord under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉, 1537–1598). He rose from a merchant family to govern southern Higo Province, led the first Japanese force to invade Korea in 1592, and later took part in the difficult peace negotiations with Ming...
JREF
6 min read
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Katō Kiyomasa (加藤清正, 1562–1611) was a military commander and daimyō who advanced through the ranks in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's service and subsequently governed Higo Province, with Kumamoto as its centre. He participated in Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea and supported Tokugawa Ieyasu during the...
JREF
11 min read
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Hōjō Munetoki (北条宗時, d. 1180) was a warrior of the late Heian period and a son of Hōjō Tokimasa (北条時政, 1138–1215), a local magnate of Izu Province. He was the elder brother of Hōjō Yoshitoki (北条義時, 1163–1224), who later became the second regent of the Kamakura shogunate, and a brother of Hōjō...
JREF
Updated
18 min read
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全体として自然で、調査基準も明確です。ただ、「蔵、酒蔵、工場」の重複や、末尾で更新・訂正について繰り返し述べる部分を整理すると、読みやすくなります。以下、書式を保った修正版です。 このページでは、日本国内で現在日本酒を製造している酒蔵を掲載しています。日本酒製造免許を保有するすべての事業者や、過去に日本酒を製造していた事業者を網羅した一覧ではありません。 調査方法本一覧では、個々の銘柄や製造施設ではなく、現在日本酒を製造している酒蔵・酒造会社を対象としています。同じ酒蔵・酒造会社が複数の蔵や工場を運営している場合も、1社として数えています。...
JREF
Updated
22 min read
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314
How many active sake breweries are there in Japan?As of 12 October 2026, JREF has identified 1,344 active sake breweries in Japan. This figure counts breweries or brewing companies currently producing sake, rather than individual licences, brands or production facilities. Different sources...
JREF
17 min read
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265
Kijo Momiji (鬼女紅葉), or Momiji the Demoness, is one of the best-known supernatural figures associated with the mountains of northern Shinano, present-day Nagano Prefecture. Her legend centres on the remote districts of Togakushi (戸隠) and Kinasa (鬼無里), and the mountains around Arakurayama (荒倉山)...
History Ogasawara Clan
JREF
14 min read
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348
The Ogasawara clan (小笠原氏 Ogasawara-shi) was a prominent Japanese warrior family that traced its origins to the Kai Genji, a branch of the Seiwa Genji descended from Minamoto no Yoshimitsu. Closely related to the Takeda clan, the Ogasawara initially appeared in Kai Province before relocating to...
JREF
Updated
15 min read
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Azai Nagamasa (浅井長政, 1545–1573) was the last head of the Azai clan (浅井氏), a Sengoku-period daimyō who ruled northern Ōmi Province from Odani Castle (小谷城). Remembered as both the brother-in-law and one of the fiercest opponents of Oda Nobunaga (織田信長, 1534–1582), he occupies a distinctive place in...
JREF
23 min read
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The Battle of Nomoto (野本合戦) was fought in the second month of Jōhei 5 (承平5年, 935) between the forces of Taira no Masakado (平将門, 903–940) and Minamoto no Tasuku (源扶), eldest son of the former governor Minamoto no Mamoru (源護). Fought near Nomoto (野本) on the border of Hitachi Province (常陸国) and...
History Edo Clan
JREF
26 min read
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575
The Edo clan (江戸氏) was the name of two unrelated samurai families that originated in different parts of Japan. The better known of the two was the Musashi Edo clan, a branch of the Chichibu line of the Kanmu Taira (桓武平氏), whose stronghold at Edo gave the settlement its name. That settlement...
JREF
8 min read
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456
Ii Naotaka (井伊直孝, 1590–1659) was a military commander and fudai daimyō of the early Edo period. The second son of Ii Naomasa (井伊直政, 1561–1602), one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's most trusted generals, Naotaka became the third lord of Hikone Domain in Ōmi Province. He played a central role in establishing...
JREF
7 min read
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673
Ii Naotora (井伊直虎, d. 12 September 1582) was a Sengoku-period lord associated with Iinoya in Tōtōmi Province (present-day Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture) and a member of the Ii clan. This regional warrior family later rose to prominence under the Tokugawa shogunate. Long celebrated as one of...
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