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id="_R_3dd_">Appearance settings</div></div></div><div class="MarketingHeader-module__menu__GIy3y"><div class="MarketingHeader-module__menuWrapper__owstH"><nav class="MarketingNavigation-module__nav__W0KYY" aria-label="Global"><ul class="MarketingNavigation-module__list__tFbMb"><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_nd_">Platform<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5knd_">AI CODE CREATION</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5knd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/copilot" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_copilot&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD 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1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>GitHub Copilot</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Write better code with AI</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/ai/github-app" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_app&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_app_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon 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class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Direct agents from issue to merge</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/mcp" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-mcp NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.52 1.12a3.578 3.578 0 0 1 6.078 2.98 3.578 3.578 0 0 1 2.982 6.08l-3.292 3.293a.252.252 0 0 0 0 .354l.843.843a.749.749 0 1 1-1.06 1.06l-.844-.843a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0-2.474L13.52 9.12a2.08 2.08 0 0 0 0-2.94 2.08 2.08 0 0 0-2.94 0L7.731 9.03A.75.75 0 0 1 6.67 7.97l2.85-2.85a2.08 2.08 0 0 0 0-2.94 2.08 2.08 0 0 0-2.94 0l-4.799 4.8A.75.75 0 0 1 .72 5.92Z"></path><path d="M7.52 3.12a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06L5.731 7.03A2.079 2.079 0 0 0 8.67 9.97l2.85-2.85a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-2.849 2.85A3.578 3.578 0 0 1 4.67 5.97Z"></path></svg>MCP Registry</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Integrate external tools</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9knd_">DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9knd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/actions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;actions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;actions_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-workflow NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h3.5C6.216 0 7 .784 7 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5.25 7H4v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4v-1.25C9 9.784 9.784 9 10.75 9h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 14.25v-.75H5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 11V7h-.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 5.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm9 9a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg>Actions</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Automate any workflow</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;codespaces&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;codespaces_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-codespaces NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 11.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm2-9.5C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 6.75Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Codespaces</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Instant dev environments</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/issues" 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NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg>Issues</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Plan and track work</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-review" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_review&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_review_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg>Code Review</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Manage code changes</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-quality" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_quality&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_quality_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-codescan-checkmark NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.28 6.28a.75.75 0 1 0-1.06-1.06L6.25 8.19l-.97-.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l1.5 1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l3.5-3.5Z"></path><path d="M7.5 15a7.5 7.5 0 1 1 5.807-2.754l2.473 2.474a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2.474-2.473A7.472 7.472 0 0 1 7.5 15Zm0-13.5a6 6 0 1 0 4.094 10.386.748.748 0 0 1 .293-.292 6.002 6.002 0 0 0 1.117-6.486A6.002 6.002 0 0 0 7.5 1.5Z"></path></svg>Code Quality</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enforce quality at merge</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dknd_">APPLICATION SECURITY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dknd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ 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1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM11.28 6.28l-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-1.5-1.5a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l.97.97 2.97-2.97a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>GitHub Advanced Security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Find and fix vulnerabilities</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/code-security" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_security&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_security_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS 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Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Secure your code as you build</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/secret-protection" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;secret_protection&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;secret_protection_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-lock NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M4 4a4 4 0 0 1 8 0v2h.25c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 13.25v-5.5C2 6.784 2.784 6 3.75 6H4Zm8.25 3.5h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM10.5 6V4a2.5 2.5 0 1 0-5 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0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/marketplace" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;marketplace&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;marketplace_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS 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class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_17d_">Solutions<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_17d_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5l7d_">BY COMPANY SIZE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Enterprises</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/team" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Small and medium teams</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Startups</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/nonprofits" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Nonprofits</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9l7d_">BY USE CASE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/app-modernization" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">App Modernization</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devsecops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevSecOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/ci-cd" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci/cd&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci/cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">CI/CD</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all use cases</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dl7d_">BY INDUSTRY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dl7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/healthcare" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Healthcare</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/financial-services" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Financial services</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/manufacturing" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Manufacturing</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/government" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Government</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all industries</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="NavDropdown-module__trailingLinkContainer__VgJGL"><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all solutions</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_1nd_">Resources<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_1nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5lnd_">EXPLORE BY TOPIC</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5lnd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=ai" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">AI</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=software-development" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Software Development</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=devops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS 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entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e相关阅读：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2OTA0Njk0OA==\u0026amp;mid=2247484850\u0026amp;idx=1\u0026amp;sn=3238360bfa8105cf758dcf7354af2814\u0026amp;chksm=cea24a79f9d5c36fb2399aafa91d7fb2699b5006d8d037fe8aaf2e5577ff20ae322868b04a87\u0026amp;token=1082669959\u0026amp;lang=zh_CN\u0026amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e史上最全Redis高可用技术解决方案大全\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://weizijun.cn/2015/04/30/Raft%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E4%B9%8BRedis%20Sentinel%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BELeader%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRaft协议实战之Redis Sentinel的选举Leader源码解析\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e目录：\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#redis-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8\"\u003eRedis 集群以及应用\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4\"\u003e集群\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%8E%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6\"\u003e主从复制\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%8E%E9%93%BE%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84\"\u003e主从链(拓扑结构)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F\"\u003e复制模式\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%82%B9\"\u003e问题点\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%93%A8%E5%85%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6\"\u003e哨兵机制\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE\"\u003e拓扑图\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%8B%E7%BA%BF\"\u003e节点下线\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#Leader%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE\"\u003eLeader选举\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB\"\u003e故障转移\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB\"\u003e读写分离\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%AE%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1\"\u003e定时任务\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4cluster\"\u003e分布式集群(Cluster)\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE\"\u003e拓扑图\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF\"\u003e通讯\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BC%8F\"\u003e集中式\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#gossip\"\u003eGossip\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%AF%BB%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E7%89%87\"\u003e寻址分片\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#hash%E5%8F%96%E6%A8%A1\"\u003ehash取模\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7hash\"\u003e一致性hash\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#hash%E6%A7%BD\"\u003ehash槽\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF\"\u003e使用场景\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E7%83%AD%E7%82%B9%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE\"\u003e热点数据\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81-session\"\u003e会话维持 Session\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81-setnx\"\u003e分布式锁 SETNX\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%A1%A8%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98\"\u003e表缓存\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97-list\"\u003e消息队列 list\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8-string\"\u003e计数器 string\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1\"\u003e缓存设计\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5\"\u003e更新策略\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7\"\u003e更新一致性\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E7%B2%92%E5%BA%A6\"\u003e缓存粒度\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E7%A9%BF%E9%80%8F\"\u003e缓存穿透\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88\"\u003e解决方案\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9\"\u003e缓存雪崩\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E5%87%BA%E7%8E%B0%E5%90%8E%E5%BA%94%E5%AF%B9\"\u003e出现后应对\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B\"\u003e请求过程\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRedis 集群以及应用\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-redis-集群以及应用\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Redis 集群以及应用\" href=\"#redis-集群以及应用\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e集群\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-集群\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 集群\" href=\"#集群\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e主从复制\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-主从复制\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 主从复制\" href=\"#主从复制\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e主从链(拓扑结构)\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-主从链拓扑结构\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 主从链(拓扑结构)\" href=\"#主从链拓扑结构\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539461-d1a26c00-f714-11e9-81ae-61fa89faf156.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539461-d1a26c00-f714-11e9-81ae-61fa89faf156.png\" alt=\"主从\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539485-e0891e80-f714-11e9-8980-d253239fcd8b.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539485-e0891e80-f714-11e9-8980-d253239fcd8b.png\" alt=\"主从\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e复制模式\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-复制模式\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 复制模式\" href=\"#复制模式\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e全量复制：Master 全部同步到 Slave\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e部分复制：Slave 数据丢失进行备份\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e问题点\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-问题点\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 问题点\" href=\"#问题点\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e同步故障\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e复制数据延迟(不一致)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e读取过期数据(Slave 不能删除数据)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e从节点故障\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e主节点故障\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e配置不一致\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003emaxmemory 不一致:丢失数据\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e优化参数不一致:内存不一致.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e避免全量复制\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选择小主节点(分片)、低峰期间操作.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果节点运行 id 不匹配(如主节点重启、运行 id 发送变化)，此时要执行全量复制，应该配合哨兵和集群解决.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e主从复制挤压缓冲区不足产生的问题(网络中断，部分复制无法满足)，可增大复制缓冲区( rel_backlog_size 参数).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e复制风暴\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e哨兵机制\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-哨兵机制\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 哨兵机制\" href=\"#哨兵机制\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e拓扑图\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-拓扑图\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 拓扑图\" href=\"#拓扑图\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9d2a871b1ee7103ac11df02b46422d7e804091a64efd6a46ab359310c459eb73/68747470733a2f2f6d792d626c6f672d746f2d7573652e6f73732d636e2d6265696a696e672e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f323031392d31312f2545352539332541382545352538352542352545362539432542412545352538382542362d2545362538422539332545362538392539312545352539422542452e706e67\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9d2a871b1ee7103ac11df02b46422d7e804091a64efd6a46ab359310c459eb73/68747470733a2f2f6d792d626c6f672d746f2d7573652e6f73732d636e2d6265696a696e672e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f323031392d31312f2545352539332541382545352538352542352545362539432542412545352538382542362d2545362538422539332545362538392539312545352539422542452e706e67\" alt=\"哨兵机制-拓扑图\" data-canonical-src=\"https://my-blog-to-use.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/2019-11/%E5%93%A8%E5%85%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6-%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e节点下线\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-节点下线\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 节点下线\" href=\"#节点下线\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e主观下线\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e即 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败的偏见，超出超时时间认为 Master 已经宕机。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSentinel 集群的每一个 Sentinel 节点会定时对 Redis 集群的所有节点发心跳包检测节点是否正常。如果一个节点在 \u003ccode\u003edown-after-milliseconds\u003c/code\u003e 时间内没有回复 Sentinel 节点的心跳包，则该 Redis 节点被该 Sentinel 节点主观下线。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e客观下线\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e所有 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败要达成共识，即超过 quorum 个统一。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e当节点被一个 Sentinel 节点记为主观下线时，并不意味着该节点肯定故障了，还需要 Sentinel 集群的其他 Sentinel 节点共同判断为主观下线才行。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e该 Sentinel 节点会询问其它 Sentinel 节点，如果 Sentinel 集群中超过 quorum 数量的 Sentinel 节点认为该 Redis 节点主观下线，则该 Redis 客观下线。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLeader选举\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-leader选举\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Leader选举\" href=\"#leader选举\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选举出一个 Sentinel 作为 Leader：集群中至少有三个 Sentinel 节点，但只有其中一个节点可完成故障转移.通过以下命令可以进行失败判定或领导者选举。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选举流程\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e每个主观下线的 Sentinel 节点向其他 Sentinel 节点发送命令，要求设置它为领导者.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e收到命令的 Sentinel 节点如果没有同意通过其他 Sentinel 节点发送的命令，则同意该请求，否则拒绝。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果该 Sentinel 节点发现自己的票数已经超过 Sentinel 集合半数且超过 quorum，则它成为领导者。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果此过程有多个 Sentinel 节点成为领导者，则等待一段时间再重新进行选举。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e故障转移\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-故障转移\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 故障转移\" href=\"#故障转移\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e转移流程\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSentinel 选出一个合适的 Slave 作为新的 Master(slaveof no one 命令)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e向其余 Slave 发出通知，让它们成为新 Master 的 Slave( parallel-syncs 参数)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e等待旧 Master 复活，并使之称为新 Master 的 Slave。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e向客户端通知 Master 变化。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e从 Slave 中选择新 Master 节点的规则(slave 升级成 master 之后)\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选择 slave-priority 最高的节点。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选择复制偏移量最大的节点(同步数据最多)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e选择 runId 最小的节点。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSentinel 集群运行过程中故障转移完成，所有 Sentinel 又会恢复平等。Leader 仅仅是故障转移操作出现的角色。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e读写分离\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-读写分离\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 读写分离\" href=\"#读写分离\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e定时任务\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-定时任务\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 定时任务\" href=\"#定时任务\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e每 1s 每个 Sentinel 对其他 Sentinel 和 Redis 执行 ping，进行心跳检测。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e每 2s 每个 Sentinel 通过 Master 的 Channel 交换信息(pub - sub)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e每 10s 每个 Sentinel 对 Master 和 Slave 执行 info，目的是发现 Slave 节点、确定主从关系。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e分布式集群(Cluster)\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-分布式集群cluster\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 分布式集群(Cluster)\" href=\"#分布式集群cluster\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e拓扑图\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-拓扑图-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 拓扑图\" href=\"#拓扑图-1\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539510-f8f93900-f714-11e9-9d8d-08afdecff95a.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539510-f8f93900-f714-11e9-9d8d-08afdecff95a.png\" alt=\"image\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e通讯\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-通讯\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 通讯\" href=\"#通讯\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e集中式\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-集中式\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 集中式\" href=\"#集中式\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e将集群元数据(节点信息、故障等等)几种存储在某个节点上。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e优势\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e元数据的更新读取具有很强的时效性，元数据修改立即更新\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e劣势\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e数据集中存储\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGossip\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-gossip\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Gossip\" href=\"#gossip\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539546-16c69e00-f715-11e9-9891-1e81b6af624c.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539546-16c69e00-f715-11e9-9891-1e81b6af624c.png\" alt=\"image\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.jianshu.com/p/8279d6fd65bb\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGossip 协议\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e寻址分片\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-寻址分片\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 寻址分片\" href=\"#寻址分片\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ehash取模\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-hash取模\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: hash取模\" href=\"#hash取模\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehash(key)%机器数量\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e问题\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e机器宕机，造成数据丢失，数据读取失败\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e伸缩性\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e一致性hash\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-一致性hash\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 一致性hash\" href=\"#一致性hash\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539595-352c9980-f715-11e9-8e4a-9d9c04027785.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539595-352c9980-f715-11e9-8e4a-9d9c04027785.png\" alt=\"image\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e问题\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e一致性哈希算法在节点太少时，容易因为节点分布不均匀而造成缓存热点的问题。\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e解决方案\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e可以通过引入虚拟节点机制解决：即对每一个节点计算多个 hash，每个计算结果位置都放置一个虚拟节点。这样就实现了数据的均匀分布，负载均衡。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch5 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ehash槽\u003c/h5\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-hash槽\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: hash槽\" href=\"#hash槽\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCRC16(key)%16384\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539610-3fe72e80-f715-11e9-8e0d-ea58bc965795.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539610-3fe72e80-f715-11e9-8e0d-ea58bc965795.png\" alt=\"image\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e使用场景\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-使用场景\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 使用场景\" href=\"#使用场景\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e热点数据\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-热点数据\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 热点数据\" href=\"#热点数据\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e存取数据优先从 Redis 操作，如果不存在再从文件（例如 MySQL）中操作，从文件操作完后将数据存储到 Redis 中并返回。同时有个定时任务后台定时扫描 Redis 的 key，根据业务规则进行淘汰，防止某些只访问一两次的数据一直存在 Redis 中。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e例如使用 Zset 数据结构，存储 Key 的访问次数/最后访问时间作为 Score，最后做排序，来淘汰那些最少访问的 Key。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e如果企业级应用，可以参考：[阿里云的 Redis 混合存储版][1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e会话维持 Session\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-会话维持-session\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 会话维持 Session\" href=\"#会话维持-session\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e会话维持 Session 场景，即使用 Redis 作为分布式场景下的登录中心存储应用。每次不同的服务在登录的时候，都会去统一的 Redis 去验证 Session 是否正确。但是在微服务场景，一般会考虑 Redis + JWT 做 Oauth2 模块。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e其中 Redis 存储 JWT 的相关信息主要是留出口子，方便以后做统一的防刷接口，或者做登录设备限制等。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e分布式锁 SETNX\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-分布式锁-setnx\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 分布式锁 SETNX\" href=\"#分布式锁-setnx\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e命令格式：\u003ccode\u003eSETNX key value\u003c/code\u003e：当且仅当 key 不存在，将 key 的值设为 value。若给定的 key 已经存在，则 SETNX 不做任何动作。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e超时时间设置：获取锁的同时，启动守护线程，使用 expire 进行定时更新超时时间。如果该业务机器宕机，守护线程也挂掉，这样也会自动过期。如果该业务不是宕机，而是真的需要这么久的操作时间，那么增加超时时间在业务上也是可以接受的，但是肯定有个最大的阈值。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e但是为了增加高可用，需要使用多台 Redis，就增加了复杂性，就可以参考 Redlock：\u003ca href=\"/zfl926/JavaGuide/blob/master/docs/database/Redis/Redlock%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81.md#%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%95%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81\"\u003eRedlock分布式锁\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e表缓存\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-表缓存\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 表缓存\" href=\"#表缓存\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRedis 缓存表的场景有黑名单、禁言表等。访问频率较高，即读高。根据业务需求，可以使用后台定时任务定时刷新 Redis 的缓存表数据。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e消息队列 list\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-消息队列-list\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 消息队列 list\" href=\"#消息队列-list\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e主要使用了 List 数据结构。\u003cbr\u003e\nList 支持在头部和尾部操作，因此可以实现简单的消息队列。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e发消息：在 List 尾部塞入数据。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e消费消息：在 List 头部拿出数据。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e同时可以使用多个 List，来实现多个队列，根据不同的业务消息，塞入不同的 List，来增加吞吐量。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e计数器 string\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-计数器-string\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 计数器 string\" href=\"#计数器-string\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e主要使用了 INCR、DECR、INCRBY、DECRBY 方法。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eINCR key：给 key 的 value 值增加一\nDECR key：给 key 的 value 值减去一\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e缓存设计\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-缓存设计\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 缓存设计\" href=\"#缓存设计\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e更新策略\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-更新策略\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 更新策略\" href=\"#更新策略\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLRU、LFU、FIFO 算法自动清除：一致性最差，维护成本低。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e超时自动清除(key expire)：一致性较差，维护成本低。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e主动更新：代码层面控制生命周期，一致性最好，维护成本高。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e在 Redis 根据在 redis.conf 的参数 \u003ccode\u003emaxmemory\u003c/code\u003e 来做更新淘汰策略：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003enoeviction: 不删除策略, 达到最大内存限制时, 如果需要更多内存, 直接返回错误信息。大多数写命令都会导致占用更多的内存(有极少数会例外, 如 DEL 命令)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eallkeys-lru: 所有 key 通用; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evolatile-lru: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eallkeys-random: 所有key通用; 随机删除一部分 key。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evolatile-random: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 随机删除一部分 key。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evolatile-ttl: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除剩余时间(time to live,TTL) 短的key。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e更新一致性\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-更新一致性\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 更新一致性\" href=\"#更新一致性\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e读请求：先读缓存，缓存没有的话，就读数据库，然后取出数据后放入缓存，同时返回响应。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e写请求：先删除缓存，然后再更新数据库(避免大量地写、却又不经常读的数据导致缓存频繁更新)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e缓存粒度\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-缓存粒度\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 缓存粒度\" href=\"#缓存粒度\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e通用性：全量属性更好。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e占用空间：部分属性更好。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e代码维护成本。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e缓存穿透\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-缓存穿透\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 缓存穿透\" href=\"#缓存穿透\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e当大量的请求无命中缓存、直接请求到后端数据库(业务代码的 bug、或恶意攻击)，同时后端数据库也没有查询到相应的记录、无法添加缓存。\u003cbr\u003e\n这种状态会一直维持，流量一直打到存储层上，无法利用缓存、还会给存储层带来巨大压力。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e解决方案\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-解决方案\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 解决方案\" href=\"#解决方案\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e请求无法命中缓存、同时数据库记录为空时在缓存添加该 key 的空对象(设置过期时间)，缺点是可能会在缓存中添加大量的空值键(比如遭到恶意攻击或爬虫)，而且缓存层和存储层数据短期内不一致；\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e使用布隆过滤器在缓存层前拦截非法请求、自动为空值添加黑名单(同时可能要为误判的记录添加白名单).但需要考虑布隆过滤器的维护(离线生成/ 实时生成)。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e缓存雪崩\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-缓存雪崩\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 缓存雪崩\" href=\"#缓存雪崩\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e缓存崩溃时请求会直接落到数据库上，很可能由于无法承受大量的并发请求而崩溃，此时如果只重启数据库，或因为缓存重启后没有数据，新的流量进来很快又会把数据库击倒。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e出现后应对\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-出现后应对\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 出现后应对\" href=\"#出现后应对\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e事前：Redis 高可用，主从 + 哨兵，Redis 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[史上最全Redis高可用技术解决方案大全](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2OTA0Njk0OA==\u0026mid=2247484850\u0026idx=1\u0026sn=3238360bfa8105cf758dcf7354af2814\u0026chksm=cea24a79f9d5c36fb2399aafa91d7fb2699b5006d8d037fe8aaf2e5577ff20ae322868b04a87\u0026token=1082669959\u0026lang=zh_CN\u0026scene=21#wechat_redirect)","- [Raft协议实战之Redis Sentinel的选举Leader源码解析](http://weizijun.cn/2015/04/30/Raft%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E4%B9%8BRedis%20Sentinel%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BELeader%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/)","","目录：","","\u003c!-- TOC --\u003e","","- [Redis 集群以及应用](#redis-集群以及应用)","    - [集群](#集群)","        - [主从复制](#主从复制)","            - [主从链(拓扑结构)](#主从链拓扑结构)","            - [复制模式](#复制模式)","            - [问题点](#问题点)","        - [哨兵机制](#哨兵机制)","            - [拓扑图](#拓扑图)","            - [节点下线](#节点下线)","            - [Leader选举](#Leader选举)","            - [故障转移](#故障转移)","            - [读写分离](#读写分离)","            - [定时任务](#定时任务)","        - [分布式集群(Cluster)](#分布式集群cluster)","            - [拓扑图](#拓扑图)","            - [通讯](#通讯)","                - [集中式](#集中式)","                - [Gossip](#gossip)","            - [寻址分片](#寻址分片)","                - [hash取模](#hash取模)","                - [一致性hash](#一致性hash)","                - [hash槽](#hash槽)","    - [使用场景](#使用场景)","        - [热点数据](#热点数据)","        - [会话维持 Session](#会话维持-session)","        - [分布式锁 SETNX](#分布式锁-setnx)","        - [表缓存](#表缓存)","        - [消息队列 list](#消息队列-list)","        - [计数器 string](#计数器-string)","    - [缓存设计](#缓存设计)","        - [更新策略](#更新策略)","        - [更新一致性](#更新一致性)","        - [缓存粒度](#缓存粒度)","        - [缓存穿透](#缓存穿透)","            - [解决方案](#解决方案)","        - [缓存雪崩](#缓存雪崩)","            - [出现后应对](#出现后应对)","            - [请求过程](#请求过程)","","\u003c!-- /MarkdownTOC --\u003e","","# Redis 集群以及应用","","## 集群","","### 主从复制","","#### 主从链(拓扑结构)","","","","![主从](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539461-d1a26c00-f714-11e9-81ae-61fa89faf156.png)","","![主从](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539485-e0891e80-f714-11e9-8980-d253239fcd8b.png)","","#### 复制模式","- 全量复制：Master 全部同步到 Slave","- 部分复制：Slave 数据丢失进行备份","","#### 问题点","- 同步故障","    - 复制数据延迟(不一致)","    - 读取过期数据(Slave 不能删除数据)","    - 从节点故障","    - 主节点故障","- 配置不一致","    - maxmemory 不一致:丢失数据","    - 优化参数不一致:内存不一致.","- 避免全量复制","    - 选择小主节点(分片)、低峰期间操作.","    - 如果节点运行 id 不匹配(如主节点重启、运行 id 发送变化)，此时要执行全量复制，应该配合哨兵和集群解决.","    - 主从复制挤压缓冲区不足产生的问题(网络中断，部分复制无法满足)，可增大复制缓冲区( rel_backlog_size 参数).","- 复制风暴","","### 哨兵机制","","#### 拓扑图","","![哨兵机制-拓扑图](https://my-blog-to-use.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/2019-11/哨兵机制-拓扑图.png)","","#### 节点下线","","- 主观下线","    - 即 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败的偏见，超出超时时间认为 Master 已经宕机。","    - Sentinel 集群的每一个 Sentinel 节点会定时对 Redis 集群的所有节点发心跳包检测节点是否正常。如果一个节点在 `down-after-milliseconds` 时间内没有回复 Sentinel 节点的心跳包，则该 Redis 节点被该 Sentinel 节点主观下线。","- 客观下线","    - 所有 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败要达成共识，即超过 quorum 个统一。","    - 当节点被一个 Sentinel 节点记为主观下线时，并不意味着该节点肯定故障了，还需要 Sentinel 集群的其他 Sentinel 节点共同判断为主观下线才行。","    - 该 Sentinel 节点会询问其它 Sentinel 节点，如果 Sentinel 集群中超过 quorum 数量的 Sentinel 节点认为该 Redis 节点主观下线，则该 Redis 客观下线。","","#### Leader选举","","- 选举出一个 Sentinel 作为 Leader：集群中至少有三个 Sentinel 节点，但只有其中一个节点可完成故障转移.通过以下命令可以进行失败判定或领导者选举。","- 选举流程","    1. 每个主观下线的 Sentinel 节点向其他 Sentinel 节点发送命令，要求设置它为领导者.","    2. 收到命令的 Sentinel 节点如果没有同意通过其他 Sentinel 节点发送的命令，则同意该请求，否则拒绝。","    3. 如果该 Sentinel 节点发现自己的票数已经超过 Sentinel 集合半数且超过 quorum，则它成为领导者。","    4. 如果此过程有多个 Sentinel 节点成为领导者，则等待一段时间再重新进行选举。","","#### 故障转移","","- 转移流程","    1. Sentinel 选出一个合适的 Slave 作为新的 Master(slaveof no one 命令)。","    2. 向其余 Slave 发出通知，让它们成为新 Master 的 Slave( parallel-syncs 参数)。","    3. 等待旧 Master 复活，并使之称为新 Master 的 Slave。","    4. 向客户端通知 Master 变化。","- 从 Slave 中选择新 Master 节点的规则(slave 升级成 master 之后)","    1. 选择 slave-priority 最高的节点。","    2. 选择复制偏移量最大的节点(同步数据最多)。","    3. 选择 runId 最小的节点。","","\u003eSentinel 集群运行过程中故障转移完成，所有 Sentinel 又会恢复平等。Leader 仅仅是故障转移操作出现的角色。","","#### 读写分离","","#### 定时任务","","- 每 1s 每个 Sentinel 对其他 Sentinel 和 Redis 执行 ping，进行心跳检测。","- 每 2s 每个 Sentinel 通过 Master 的 Channel 交换信息(pub - sub)。","- 每 10s 每个 Sentinel 对 Master 和 Slave 执行 info，目的是发现 Slave 节点、确定主从关系。","","### 分布式集群(Cluster)","","#### 拓扑图","","![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539510-f8f93900-f714-11e9-9d8d-08afdecff95a.png)","","#### 通讯","","##### 集中式","","\u003e 将集群元数据(节点信息、故障等等)几种存储在某个节点上。","- 优势","    1. 元数据的更新读取具有很强的时效性，元数据修改立即更新","- 劣势","    1. 数据集中存储","","##### Gossip","","![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539546-16c69e00-f715-11e9-9891-1e81b6af624c.png)","","- [Gossip 协议](https://www.jianshu.com/p/8279d6fd65bb)","","#### 寻址分片","","##### hash取模","","- hash(key)%机器数量","- 问题","    1. 机器宕机，造成数据丢失，数据读取失败","    1. 伸缩性","","##### 一致性hash","","- ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539595-352c9980-f715-11e9-8e4a-9d9c04027785.png)","","- 问题","    1. 一致性哈希算法在节点太少时，容易因为节点分布不均匀而造成缓存热点的问题。","        - 解决方案","            - 可以通过引入虚拟节点机制解决：即对每一个节点计算多个 hash，每个计算结果位置都放置一个虚拟节点。这样就实现了数据的均匀分布，负载均衡。","","##### hash槽","","- CRC16(key)%16384","- ","![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539610-3fe72e80-f715-11e9-8e0d-ea58bc965795.png)","","## 使用场景","","### 热点数据","","存取数据优先从 Redis 操作，如果不存在再从文件（例如 MySQL）中操作，从文件操作完后将数据存储到 Redis 中并返回。同时有个定时任务后台定时扫描 Redis 的 key，根据业务规则进行淘汰，防止某些只访问一两次的数据一直存在 Redis 中。","\u003e例如使用 Zset 数据结构，存储 Key 的访问次数/最后访问时间作为 Score，最后做排序，来淘汰那些最少访问的 Key。  ","","如果企业级应用，可以参考：[阿里云的 Redis 混合存储版][1]","","### 会话维持 Session","","会话维持 Session 场景，即使用 Redis 作为分布式场景下的登录中心存储应用。每次不同的服务在登录的时候，都会去统一的 Redis 去验证 Session 是否正确。但是在微服务场景，一般会考虑 Redis + JWT 做 Oauth2 模块。","\u003e其中 Redis 存储 JWT 的相关信息主要是留出口子，方便以后做统一的防刷接口，或者做登录设备限制等。","","### 分布式锁 SETNX","","命令格式：`SETNX key value`：当且仅当 key 不存在，将 key 的值设为 value。若给定的 key 已经存在，则 SETNX 不做任何动作。","","1. 超时时间设置：获取锁的同时，启动守护线程，使用 expire 进行定时更新超时时间。如果该业务机器宕机，守护线程也挂掉，这样也会自动过期。如果该业务不是宕机，而是真的需要这么久的操作时间，那么增加超时时间在业务上也是可以接受的，但是肯定有个最大的阈值。","2. 但是为了增加高可用，需要使用多台 Redis，就增加了复杂性，就可以参考 Redlock：[Redlock分布式锁](Redlock分布式锁.md#怎么在单节点上实现分布式锁)","","### 表缓存","","Redis 缓存表的场景有黑名单、禁言表等。访问频率较高，即读高。根据业务需求，可以使用后台定时任务定时刷新 Redis 的缓存表数据。","","### 消息队列 list","","主要使用了 List 数据结构。  ","List 支持在头部和尾部操作，因此可以实现简单的消息队列。","1. 发消息：在 List 尾部塞入数据。","2. 消费消息：在 List 头部拿出数据。","","同时可以使用多个 List，来实现多个队列，根据不同的业务消息，塞入不同的 List，来增加吞吐量。","","### 计数器 string","","主要使用了 INCR、DECR、INCRBY、DECRBY 方法。","","INCR key：给 key 的 value 值增加一 ","DECR key：给 key 的 value 值减去一","","## 缓存设计","","### 更新策略","","- LRU、LFU、FIFO 算法自动清除：一致性最差，维护成本低。","- 超时自动清除(key expire)：一致性较差，维护成本低。","- 主动更新：代码层面控制生命周期，一致性最好，维护成本高。","","在 Redis 根据在 redis.conf 的参数 `maxmemory` 来做更新淘汰策略：","1. noeviction: 不删除策略, 达到最大内存限制时, 如果需要更多内存, 直接返回错误信息。大多数写命令都会导致占用更多的内存(有极少数会例外, 如 DEL 命令)。","2. allkeys-lru: 所有 key 通用; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。","3. volatile-lru: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。","4. allkeys-random: 所有key通用; 随机删除一部分 key。","5. volatile-random: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 随机删除一部分 key。","6. volatile-ttl: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除剩余时间(time to live,TTL) 短的key。","","### 更新一致性","","- 读请求：先读缓存，缓存没有的话，就读数据库，然后取出数据后放入缓存，同时返回响应。","- 写请求：先删除缓存，然后再更新数据库(避免大量地写、却又不经常读的数据导致缓存频繁更新)。","","### 缓存粒度","","- 通用性：全量属性更好。","- 占用空间：部分属性更好。","- 代码维护成本。","","### 缓存穿透","","\u003e 当大量的请求无命中缓存、直接请求到后端数据库(业务代码的 bug、或恶意攻击)，同时后端数据库也没有查询到相应的记录、无法添加缓存。  ","\u003e 这种状态会一直维持，流量一直打到存储层上，无法利用缓存、还会给存储层带来巨大压力。","","#### 解决方案","","1. 请求无法命中缓存、同时数据库记录为空时在缓存添加该 key 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id="sticky-file-name-id">redis集群以及应用场景.md</h1></div><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk ml-2 prc-Button-IconButton-fyge7" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-labelledby="_R_7lcpala9lik5_"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-copy" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 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1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018L9 4.81v7.44a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V4.81L4.53 7.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-FWkx3">Top</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="BlobViewHeader-module__Box_1__VEmuQ"><h2 class="sr-only ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone__rwWIk prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading" data-testid="screen-reader-heading">File metadata and controls</h2><div class="BlobViewHeader-module__Box_2__icUs2"><ul aria-label="File view" class="prc-SegmentedControl-SegmentedControl-lqIXp BlobTabButtons-module__SegmentedControl__jen2u" data-variant="default" data-size="small" data-component="SegmentedControl"><li class="prc-SegmentedControl-Item-tSCQh" data-selected="" data-component="SegmentedControl.Button"><button aria-pressed="true" class="prc-SegmentedControl-Button-E48xz" type="button" 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segmentedControl-text" data-text="Blame">Blame</div></span></button></li></ul><div class="d-none"></div><div class="react-code-size-details-in-header CodeSizeDetails-module__Box__VcD6l"><div class="text-mono CodeSizeDetails-module__Box_1__GVxQL"><div data-testid="blob-size" class="CodeSizeDetails-module__Truncate_1__lE93V prc-Truncate-Truncate-2G1eo" data-inline="true" title="12.9 KB" style="--truncate-max-width:100%"><span>269 lines (188 loc) · 12.9 KB</span></div></div></div></div><div class="BlobViewHeader-module__Box_3__ng6v2"><div class="d-none"></div><div class="react-blob-header-edit-and-raw-actions BlobViewHeader-module__Box_4__J4Y4W"><div class="d-none"></div><div class="prc-ButtonGroup-ButtonGroup-vFUrY" data-component="ButtonGroup"><div class="prc-ButtonGroup-Item-PqvDl"><a data-component="LinkButton" href="https://github.com/zfl926/JavaGuide/raw/refs/heads/master/docs/database/Redis/redis%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF.md" data-testid="raw-button" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk LinkButton-module__linkButton__nFnov BlobViewHeader-module__LinkButton__X9kx2" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="default"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-Iohp5"><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-FWkx3">Raw</span></span></a></div><div class="prc-ButtonGroup-Item-PqvDl"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" data-testid="copy-raw-button" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk prc-Button-IconButton-fyge7" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="default" aria-labelledby="_R_qaucpala9lik5_"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-copy" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-tLeuB" data-direction="n" data-component="Tooltip" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_qaucpala9lik5_">Copy raw file</span></div><div class="prc-ButtonGroup-Item-PqvDl"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" data-testid="download-raw-button" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk BlobViewHeader-module__downloadButton__ef459 prc-Button-IconButton-fyge7" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="default" aria-labelledby="_R_eaucpala9lik5_"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M2.75 14A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 12.25v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v2.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h10.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v2.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 14Z"></path><path d="M7.25 7.689V2a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.689l1.97-1.969a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-3.25 3.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.22 6.78a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06l1.97 1.969Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-tLeuB" data-direction="n" data-component="Tooltip" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_eaucpala9lik5_">Download raw file</span></div></div></div><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" aria-pressed="false" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk tmp-mr-2 TableOfContents-module__IconButton__jrlNM prc-Button-IconButton-fyge7" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-labelledby="_R_3ucpala9lik5_"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-tLeuB" data-direction="n" data-component="Tooltip" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_3ucpala9lik5_">Outline</span><div class="react-blob-header-edit-and-raw-actions-combined"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" title="More file actions" data-testid="more-file-actions-button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-9n-Xk 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class="BlobContent-module__blobContentSection__VOgZq BlobContent-module__blobContentSectionMarkdown__mPLOK" style="margin-top:46px"><div class="js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned BlobContent-module__markdownBlob__T8jpG" data-hpc="true" containertiming="hpc"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><p dir="auto">相关阅读：</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2OTA0Njk0OA==&amp;mid=2247484850&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=3238360bfa8105cf758dcf7354af2814&amp;chksm=cea24a79f9d5c36fb2399aafa91d7fb2699b5006d8d037fe8aaf2e5577ff20ae322868b04a87&amp;token=1082669959&amp;lang=zh_CN&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect" rel="nofollow">史上最全Redis高可用技术解决方案大全</a></li>
<li><a href="http://weizijun.cn/2015/04/30/Raft%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E4%B9%8BRedis%20Sentinel%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BELeader%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/" rel="nofollow">Raft协议实战之Redis Sentinel的选举Leader源码解析</a></li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">目录：</p>

<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#redis-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8">Redis 集群以及应用</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4">集群</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%8E%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6">主从复制</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%8E%E9%93%BE%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84">主从链(拓扑结构)</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F">复制模式</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%82%B9">问题点</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%93%A8%E5%85%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6">哨兵机制</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE">拓扑图</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%8B%E7%BA%BF">节点下线</a></li>
<li><a href="#Leader%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE">Leader选举</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%95%85%E9%9A%9C%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB">故障转移</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AF%BB%E5%86%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB">读写分离</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%AE%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1">定时任务</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4cluster">分布式集群(Cluster)</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE">拓扑图</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF">通讯</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BC%8F">集中式</a></li>
<li><a href="#gossip">Gossip</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E5%AF%BB%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E7%89%87">寻址分片</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#hash%E5%8F%96%E6%A8%A1">hash取模</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7hash">一致性hash</a></li>
<li><a href="#hash%E6%A7%BD">hash槽</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%BA%E6%99%AF">使用场景</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E7%83%AD%E7%82%B9%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE">热点数据</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81-session">会话维持 Session</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81-setnx">分布式锁 SETNX</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%A1%A8%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98">表缓存</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97-list">消息队列 list</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%99%A8-string">计数器 string</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1">缓存设计</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5">更新策略</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7">更新一致性</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E7%B2%92%E5%BA%A6">缓存粒度</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E7%A9%BF%E9%80%8F">缓存穿透</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88">解决方案</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9">缓存雪崩</a>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="#%E5%87%BA%E7%8E%B0%E5%90%8E%E5%BA%94%E5%AF%B9">出现后应对</a></li>
<li><a href="#%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B">请求过程</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Redis 集群以及应用</h1><a id="user-content-redis-集群以及应用" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Redis 集群以及应用" href="#redis-集群以及应用"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">集群</h2><a id="user-content-集群" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 集群" href="#集群"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">主从复制</h3><a id="user-content-主从复制" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 主从复制" href="#主从复制"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">主从链(拓扑结构)</h4><a id="user-content-主从链拓扑结构" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 主从链(拓扑结构)" href="#主从链拓扑结构"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539461-d1a26c00-f714-11e9-81ae-61fa89faf156.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539461-d1a26c00-f714-11e9-81ae-61fa89faf156.png" alt="主从" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539485-e0891e80-f714-11e9-8980-d253239fcd8b.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539485-e0891e80-f714-11e9-8980-d253239fcd8b.png" alt="主从" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">复制模式</h4><a id="user-content-复制模式" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 复制模式" href="#复制模式"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>全量复制：Master 全部同步到 Slave</li>
<li>部分复制：Slave 数据丢失进行备份</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">问题点</h4><a id="user-content-问题点" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 问题点" href="#问题点"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>同步故障
<ul dir="auto">
<li>复制数据延迟(不一致)</li>
<li>读取过期数据(Slave 不能删除数据)</li>
<li>从节点故障</li>
<li>主节点故障</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>配置不一致
<ul dir="auto">
<li>maxmemory 不一致:丢失数据</li>
<li>优化参数不一致:内存不一致.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>避免全量复制
<ul dir="auto">
<li>选择小主节点(分片)、低峰期间操作.</li>
<li>如果节点运行 id 不匹配(如主节点重启、运行 id 发送变化)，此时要执行全量复制，应该配合哨兵和集群解决.</li>
<li>主从复制挤压缓冲区不足产生的问题(网络中断，部分复制无法满足)，可增大复制缓冲区( rel_backlog_size 参数).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>复制风暴</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">哨兵机制</h3><a id="user-content-哨兵机制" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 哨兵机制" href="#哨兵机制"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">拓扑图</h4><a id="user-content-拓扑图" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 拓扑图" href="#拓扑图"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9d2a871b1ee7103ac11df02b46422d7e804091a64efd6a46ab359310c459eb73/68747470733a2f2f6d792d626c6f672d746f2d7573652e6f73732d636e2d6265696a696e672e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f323031392d31312f2545352539332541382545352538352542352545362539432542412545352538382542362d2545362538422539332545362538392539312545352539422542452e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/9d2a871b1ee7103ac11df02b46422d7e804091a64efd6a46ab359310c459eb73/68747470733a2f2f6d792d626c6f672d746f2d7573652e6f73732d636e2d6265696a696e672e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f323031392d31312f2545352539332541382545352538352542352545362539432542412545352538382542362d2545362538422539332545362538392539312545352539422542452e706e67" alt="哨兵机制-拓扑图" data-canonical-src="https://my-blog-to-use.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/2019-11/%E5%93%A8%E5%85%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6-%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%9B%BE.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">节点下线</h4><a id="user-content-节点下线" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 节点下线" href="#节点下线"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>主观下线
<ul dir="auto">
<li>即 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败的偏见，超出超时时间认为 Master 已经宕机。</li>
<li>Sentinel 集群的每一个 Sentinel 节点会定时对 Redis 集群的所有节点发心跳包检测节点是否正常。如果一个节点在 <code>down-after-milliseconds</code> 时间内没有回复 Sentinel 节点的心跳包，则该 Redis 节点被该 Sentinel 节点主观下线。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>客观下线
<ul dir="auto">
<li>所有 Sentinel 节点对 Redis 节点失败要达成共识，即超过 quorum 个统一。</li>
<li>当节点被一个 Sentinel 节点记为主观下线时，并不意味着该节点肯定故障了，还需要 Sentinel 集群的其他 Sentinel 节点共同判断为主观下线才行。</li>
<li>该 Sentinel 节点会询问其它 Sentinel 节点，如果 Sentinel 集群中超过 quorum 数量的 Sentinel 节点认为该 Redis 节点主观下线，则该 Redis 客观下线。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Leader选举</h4><a id="user-content-leader选举" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Leader选举" href="#leader选举"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>选举出一个 Sentinel 作为 Leader：集群中至少有三个 Sentinel 节点，但只有其中一个节点可完成故障转移.通过以下命令可以进行失败判定或领导者选举。</li>
<li>选举流程
<ol dir="auto">
<li>每个主观下线的 Sentinel 节点向其他 Sentinel 节点发送命令，要求设置它为领导者.</li>
<li>收到命令的 Sentinel 节点如果没有同意通过其他 Sentinel 节点发送的命令，则同意该请求，否则拒绝。</li>
<li>如果该 Sentinel 节点发现自己的票数已经超过 Sentinel 集合半数且超过 quorum，则它成为领导者。</li>
<li>如果此过程有多个 Sentinel 节点成为领导者，则等待一段时间再重新进行选举。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">故障转移</h4><a id="user-content-故障转移" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 故障转移" href="#故障转移"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>转移流程
<ol dir="auto">
<li>Sentinel 选出一个合适的 Slave 作为新的 Master(slaveof no one 命令)。</li>
<li>向其余 Slave 发出通知，让它们成为新 Master 的 Slave( parallel-syncs 参数)。</li>
<li>等待旧 Master 复活，并使之称为新 Master 的 Slave。</li>
<li>向客户端通知 Master 变化。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>从 Slave 中选择新 Master 节点的规则(slave 升级成 master 之后)
<ol dir="auto">
<li>选择 slave-priority 最高的节点。</li>
<li>选择复制偏移量最大的节点(同步数据最多)。</li>
<li>选择 runId 最小的节点。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Sentinel 集群运行过程中故障转移完成，所有 Sentinel 又会恢复平等。Leader 仅仅是故障转移操作出现的角色。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">读写分离</h4><a id="user-content-读写分离" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 读写分离" href="#读写分离"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">定时任务</h4><a id="user-content-定时任务" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 定时任务" href="#定时任务"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>每 1s 每个 Sentinel 对其他 Sentinel 和 Redis 执行 ping，进行心跳检测。</li>
<li>每 2s 每个 Sentinel 通过 Master 的 Channel 交换信息(pub - sub)。</li>
<li>每 10s 每个 Sentinel 对 Master 和 Slave 执行 info，目的是发现 Slave 节点、确定主从关系。</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">分布式集群(Cluster)</h3><a id="user-content-分布式集群cluster" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 分布式集群(Cluster)" href="#分布式集群cluster"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">拓扑图</h4><a id="user-content-拓扑图-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 拓扑图" href="#拓扑图-1"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539510-f8f93900-f714-11e9-9d8d-08afdecff95a.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539510-f8f93900-f714-11e9-9d8d-08afdecff95a.png" alt="image" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">通讯</h4><a id="user-content-通讯" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 通讯" href="#通讯"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">集中式</h5><a id="user-content-集中式" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 集中式" href="#集中式"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">将集群元数据(节点信息、故障等等)几种存储在某个节点上。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>优势
<ol dir="auto">
<li>元数据的更新读取具有很强的时效性，元数据修改立即更新</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>劣势
<ol dir="auto">
<li>数据集中存储</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Gossip</h5><a id="user-content-gossip" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Gossip" href="#gossip"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539546-16c69e00-f715-11e9-9891-1e81b6af624c.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539546-16c69e00-f715-11e9-9891-1e81b6af624c.png" alt="image" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><a href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/8279d6fd65bb" rel="nofollow">Gossip 协议</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">寻址分片</h4><a id="user-content-寻址分片" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 寻址分片" href="#寻址分片"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">hash取模</h5><a id="user-content-hash取模" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: hash取模" href="#hash取模"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>hash(key)%机器数量</li>
<li>问题
<ol dir="auto">
<li>机器宕机，造成数据丢失，数据读取失败</li>
<li>伸缩性</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">一致性hash</h5><a id="user-content-一致性hash" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 一致性hash" href="#一致性hash"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539595-352c9980-f715-11e9-8e4a-9d9c04027785.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539595-352c9980-f715-11e9-8e4a-9d9c04027785.png" alt="image" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p dir="auto">问题</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>一致性哈希算法在节点太少时，容易因为节点分布不均匀而造成缓存热点的问题。
<ul dir="auto">
<li>解决方案
<ul dir="auto">
<li>可以通过引入虚拟节点机制解决：即对每一个节点计算多个 hash，每个计算结果位置都放置一个虚拟节点。这样就实现了数据的均匀分布，负载均衡。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h5 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">hash槽</h5><a id="user-content-hash槽" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: hash槽" href="#hash槽"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>CRC16(key)%16384</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539610-3fe72e80-f715-11e9-8e0d-ea58bc965795.png"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/26766909/67539610-3fe72e80-f715-11e9-8e0d-ea58bc965795.png" alt="image" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">使用场景</h2><a id="user-content-使用场景" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 使用场景" href="#使用场景"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">热点数据</h3><a id="user-content-热点数据" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 热点数据" href="#热点数据"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">存取数据优先从 Redis 操作，如果不存在再从文件（例如 MySQL）中操作，从文件操作完后将数据存储到 Redis 中并返回。同时有个定时任务后台定时扫描 Redis 的 key，根据业务规则进行淘汰，防止某些只访问一两次的数据一直存在 Redis 中。</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">例如使用 Zset 数据结构，存储 Key 的访问次数/最后访问时间作为 Score，最后做排序，来淘汰那些最少访问的 Key。</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">如果企业级应用，可以参考：[阿里云的 Redis 混合存储版][1]</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">会话维持 Session</h3><a id="user-content-会话维持-session" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 会话维持 Session" href="#会话维持-session"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">会话维持 Session 场景，即使用 Redis 作为分布式场景下的登录中心存储应用。每次不同的服务在登录的时候，都会去统一的 Redis 去验证 Session 是否正确。但是在微服务场景，一般会考虑 Redis + JWT 做 Oauth2 模块。</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">其中 Redis 存储 JWT 的相关信息主要是留出口子，方便以后做统一的防刷接口，或者做登录设备限制等。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">分布式锁 SETNX</h3><a id="user-content-分布式锁-setnx" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 分布式锁 SETNX" href="#分布式锁-setnx"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">命令格式：<code>SETNX key value</code>：当且仅当 key 不存在，将 key 的值设为 value。若给定的 key 已经存在，则 SETNX 不做任何动作。</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>超时时间设置：获取锁的同时，启动守护线程，使用 expire 进行定时更新超时时间。如果该业务机器宕机，守护线程也挂掉，这样也会自动过期。如果该业务不是宕机，而是真的需要这么久的操作时间，那么增加超时时间在业务上也是可以接受的，但是肯定有个最大的阈值。</li>
<li>但是为了增加高可用，需要使用多台 Redis，就增加了复杂性，就可以参考 Redlock：<a href="/zfl926/JavaGuide/blob/master/docs/database/Redis/Redlock%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81.md#%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%95%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%81">Redlock分布式锁</a></li>
</ol>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">表缓存</h3><a id="user-content-表缓存" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 表缓存" href="#表缓存"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">Redis 缓存表的场景有黑名单、禁言表等。访问频率较高，即读高。根据业务需求，可以使用后台定时任务定时刷新 Redis 的缓存表数据。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">消息队列 list</h3><a id="user-content-消息队列-list" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 消息队列 list" href="#消息队列-list"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">主要使用了 List 数据结构。<br>
List 支持在头部和尾部操作，因此可以实现简单的消息队列。</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>发消息：在 List 尾部塞入数据。</li>
<li>消费消息：在 List 头部拿出数据。</li>
</ol>
<p dir="auto">同时可以使用多个 List，来实现多个队列，根据不同的业务消息，塞入不同的 List，来增加吞吐量。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">计数器 string</h3><a id="user-content-计数器-string" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 计数器 string" href="#计数器-string"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">主要使用了 INCR、DECR、INCRBY、DECRBY 方法。</p>
<p dir="auto">INCR key：给 key 的 value 值增加一
DECR key：给 key 的 value 值减去一</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">缓存设计</h2><a id="user-content-缓存设计" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 缓存设计" href="#缓存设计"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">更新策略</h3><a id="user-content-更新策略" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 更新策略" href="#更新策略"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>LRU、LFU、FIFO 算法自动清除：一致性最差，维护成本低。</li>
<li>超时自动清除(key expire)：一致性较差，维护成本低。</li>
<li>主动更新：代码层面控制生命周期，一致性最好，维护成本高。</li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">在 Redis 根据在 redis.conf 的参数 <code>maxmemory</code> 来做更新淘汰策略：</p>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>noeviction: 不删除策略, 达到最大内存限制时, 如果需要更多内存, 直接返回错误信息。大多数写命令都会导致占用更多的内存(有极少数会例外, 如 DEL 命令)。</li>
<li>allkeys-lru: 所有 key 通用; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。</li>
<li>volatile-lru: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除最近最少使用(less recently used ,LRU) 的 key。</li>
<li>allkeys-random: 所有key通用; 随机删除一部分 key。</li>
<li>volatile-random: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 随机删除一部分 key。</li>
<li>volatile-ttl: 只限于设置了 expire 的部分; 优先删除剩余时间(time to live,TTL) 短的key。</li>
</ol>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">更新一致性</h3><a id="user-content-更新一致性" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 更新一致性" href="#更新一致性"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>读请求：先读缓存，缓存没有的话，就读数据库，然后取出数据后放入缓存，同时返回响应。</li>
<li>写请求：先删除缓存，然后再更新数据库(避免大量地写、却又不经常读的数据导致缓存频繁更新)。</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">缓存粒度</h3><a id="user-content-缓存粒度" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 缓存粒度" href="#缓存粒度"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>通用性：全量属性更好。</li>
<li>占用空间：部分属性更好。</li>
<li>代码维护成本。</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">缓存穿透</h3><a id="user-content-缓存穿透" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 缓存穿透" href="#缓存穿透"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">当大量的请求无命中缓存、直接请求到后端数据库(业务代码的 bug、或恶意攻击)，同时后端数据库也没有查询到相应的记录、无法添加缓存。<br>
这种状态会一直维持，流量一直打到存储层上，无法利用缓存、还会给存储层带来巨大压力。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">解决方案</h4><a id="user-content-解决方案" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 解决方案" href="#解决方案"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>请求无法命中缓存、同时数据库记录为空时在缓存添加该 key 的空对象(设置过期时间)，缺点是可能会在缓存中添加大量的空值键(比如遭到恶意攻击或爬虫)，而且缓存层和存储层数据短期内不一致；</li>
<li>使用布隆过滤器在缓存层前拦截非法请求、自动为空值添加黑名单(同时可能要为误判的记录添加白名单).但需要考虑布隆过滤器的维护(离线生成/ 实时生成)。</li>
</ol>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">缓存雪崩</h3><a id="user-content-缓存雪崩" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 缓存雪崩" href="#缓存雪崩"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">缓存崩溃时请求会直接落到数据库上，很可能由于无法承受大量的并发请求而崩溃，此时如果只重启数据库，或因为缓存重启后没有数据，新的流量进来很快又会把数据库击倒。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">出现后应对</h4><a id="user-content-出现后应对" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 出现后应对" href="#出现后应对"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>事前：Redis 高可用，主从 + 哨兵，Redis Cluster，避免全盘崩溃。</li>
<li>事中：本地 ehcache 缓存 + hystrix 限流 &amp; 降级，避免数据库承受太多压力。</li>
<li>事后：Redis 持久化，一旦重启，自动从磁盘上加载数据，快速恢复缓存数据。</li>
</ul>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">请求过程</h4><a id="user-content-请求过程" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 请求过程" href="#请求过程"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<ol dir="auto">
<li>用户请求先访问本地缓存，无命中后再访问 Redis，如果本地缓存和 Redis 都没有再查数据库，并把数据添加到本地缓存和 Redis；</li>
<li>由于设置了限流，一段时间范围内超出的请求走降级处理(返回默认值，或给出友情提示)。</li>
</ol>
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