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id="_R_3dd_">Appearance settings</div></div></div><div class="MarketingHeader-module__menu__GIy3y"><div class="MarketingHeader-module__menuWrapper__owstH"><nav class="MarketingNavigation-module__nav__W0KYY" aria-label="Global"><ul class="MarketingNavigation-module__list__tFbMb"><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_nd_">Platform<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div 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1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path></svg>GitHub Copilot</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Write better code with AI</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/ai/github-app" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_app&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_app_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon 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class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Direct agents from issue to merge</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/mcp" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy 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0 0 0-2.94 2.08 2.08 0 0 0-2.94 0l-4.799 4.8A.75.75 0 0 1 .72 5.92Z"></path><path d="M7.52 3.12a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06L5.731 7.03A2.079 2.079 0 0 0 8.67 9.97l2.85-2.85a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06 1.06l-2.849 2.85A3.578 3.578 0 0 1 4.67 5.97Z"></path></svg>MCP Registry</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Integrate external tools</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9knd_">DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9knd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/actions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;actions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;actions_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy 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Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Automate any workflow</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;codespaces&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;codespaces_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS 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0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Codespaces</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Instant dev environments</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/issues" 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NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg>Issues</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Plan and track work</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-review" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_review&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_review_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg>Code Review</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Manage code changes</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-quality" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_quality&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_quality_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-codescan-checkmark NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.28 6.28a.75.75 0 1 0-1.06-1.06L6.25 8.19l-.97-.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l1.5 1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l3.5-3.5Z"></path><path d="M7.5 15a7.5 7.5 0 1 1 5.807-2.754l2.473 2.474a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2.474-2.473A7.472 7.472 0 0 1 7.5 15Zm0-13.5a6 6 0 1 0 4.094 10.386.748.748 0 0 1 .293-.292 6.002 6.002 0 0 0 1.117-6.486A6.002 6.002 0 0 0 7.5 1.5Z"></path></svg>Code Quality</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enforce quality at merge</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dknd_">APPLICATION SECURITY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dknd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-shield-check NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m8.533.133 5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM11.28 6.28l-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-1.5-1.5a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l.97.97 2.97-2.97a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>GitHub Advanced Security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Find and fix vulnerabilities</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/code-security" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_security&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_security_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code-square NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm7.47 3.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L10.69 8 9.22 6.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM6.78 6.53 5.31 8l1.47 1.47a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>Code security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Secure your code as you build</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/secret-protection" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;secret_protection&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;secret_protection_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-lock NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M4 4a4 4 0 0 1 8 0v2h.25c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 13.25v-5.5C2 6.784 2.784 6 3.75 6H4Zm8.25 3.5h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM10.5 6V4a2.5 2.5 0 1 0-5 0v2Z"></path></svg>Secret protection</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Stop leaks before they start</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ NavGroup-module__hasSeparator__FnMrN"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_hknd_">EXPLORE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_hknd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/why-github" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;why_github&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;why_github_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Why GitHub</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--is-external___xsncV" href="https://docs.github.com" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;documentation&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;documentation_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Documentation</span><svg data-component="Octicon" focusable="false" aria-label="External link" class="octicon octicon-link-external" role="img" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--is-external___xsncV" href="https://github.blog" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;blog&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;blog_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Blog</span><svg data-component="Octicon" focusable="false" aria-label="External link" class="octicon octicon-link-external" role="img" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--is-external___xsncV" href="https://github.blog/changelog" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;changelog&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;changelog_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Changelog</span><svg data-component="Octicon" focusable="false" aria-label="External link" class="octicon octicon-link-external" role="img" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/marketplace" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;marketplace&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;marketplace_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Marketplace</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="NavDropdown-module__trailingLinkContainer__VgJGL"><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/features" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_features&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_features_link_platform_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all features</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_17d_">Solutions<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_17d_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5l7d_">BY COMPANY SIZE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Enterprises</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/team" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Small and medium teams</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Startups</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/nonprofits" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Nonprofits</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_9l7d_">BY USE CASE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_9l7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/app-modernization" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">App Modernization</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devsecops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevSecOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/devops" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">DevOps</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case/ci-cd" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci/cd&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci/cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">CI/CD</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/use-case" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all use cases</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dl7d_">BY INDUSTRY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dl7d_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/healthcare" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Healthcare</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/financial-services" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Financial services</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/manufacturing" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Manufacturing</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry/government" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">Government</span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions/industry" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all industries</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="NavDropdown-module__trailingLinkContainer__VgJGL"><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions" data-analytics-event="{&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all solutions</span><svg class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow___aaZs9 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link-arrow___yd78i" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></li><li><div class="NavDropdown-module__container__l2YeI"><button type="button" class="NavDropdown-module__button__PEHWX" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="_R_1nd_">Resources<svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-right NavDropdown-module__buttonIcon__Tkl8_" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m6.427 4.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354l-3.396 3.396A.25.25 0 0 1 6 11.396V4.604a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177Z"></path></svg></button><div id="_R_1nd_" class="NavDropdown-module__dropdown__xm1jd"><ul class="NavDropdown-module__list__zuCgG"><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_5lnd_">EXPLORE BY TOPIC</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_5lnd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/resources/articles?topic=ai" 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<react-app
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  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-app.embeddedData">{"payload":{"codeViewBlobRoute":{"csv":null,"csvError":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念","anchor":"rocketmq系列一基本概念","htmlText":"RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念"},{"level":2,"text":"名称服务（NameServer）","anchor":"名称服务nameserver","htmlText":"名称服务（NameServer）"},{"level":2,"text":"Broker","anchor":"broker","htmlText":"Broker"},{"level":2,"text":"生产者","anchor":"生产者","htmlText":"生产者"},{"level":2,"text":"消费者","anchor":"消费者","htmlText":"消费者"}]},"issueTemplate":null,"discussionTemplate":null,"richText":"\u003carticle class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnblogs.com/boboooo/p/13038950.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRocketMQ系列（一）基本概念\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rocketmq系列一基本概念\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念\" href=\"#rocketmq系列一基本概念\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRocketMQ是阿里出品的一款开源的消息中间件，让其声名大噪的就是它的事务消息的功能。在企业中，消息中间件选择使用RocketMQ的还是挺多的，这一系列的文章都是针对RocketMQ的，咱们先从RocketMQ的一些基本概念和环境的搭建开始聊起。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRocketMQ由4部分组成，分别是：名称服务（Name Server）、消息队列（Brokers）、生产者（producer）和消费者（consumer）。这4部分都可以进行水平扩展，从而避免单点故障，如下图，\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" href=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fda52ab49127e8e90db0b673a7c20bcef06be538070adf984786796af115ca34/68747470733a2f2f6a6176612d7475746f7269616c2e6f73732d636e2d7368616e676861692e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f313139313230312d32303230303630333137333035383137342d313535313638383339302e706e67\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fda52ab49127e8e90db0b673a7c20bcef06be538070adf984786796af115ca34/68747470733a2f2f6a6176612d7475746f7269616c2e6f73732d636e2d7368616e676861692e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f313139313230312d32303230303630333137333035383137342d313535313638383339302e706e67\" alt=\"\" data-canonical-src=\"https://java-tutorial.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/1191201-20200603173058174-1551688390.png\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e这是RocketMQ官网上的一张图，非常清晰的列出了4个部分，并且都是集群模式。下面我们就分别说一说这4部分。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e名称服务（NameServer）\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-名称服务nameserver\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 名称服务（NameServer）\" href=\"#名称服务nameserver\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eName Server扮演的角色是一个注册中心，和Zookeeper的作用差不多。它的主要功能有两个，如下：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebroker的管理：broker集群将自己的信息注册到NameServer，NameServer提供心跳机制检测每一个broker是否正常。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e路由管理：每一个NameServer都有整个broker集群和队列的信息，以便客户端（生产者和消费者）查询。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNameServer协调着分布式系统中的每一个组件，并且管理着每一个Topic的路由信息。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBroker\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-broker\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Broker\" href=\"#broker\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBroker主要是存储消息，并且提供Topic的机制。它提供推和拉两种模式，还有一些容灾的措施，比如可以配置消息副本。下面我们看一看Brokcer的主从机制。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBroker的角色分为“异步主”、“同步主”和“从”三个角色。如果你不能容忍消息的丢失，你可以配置一个“同步主”和“从”两个Broker，如果你觉得消息丢失也无所谓，只要队列可用就ok的话，你可以配置“异步主”和“从”两个broker。如果你只是想简单的搭建，只配置一个“异步主”，不配置“从”也是可以的。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e上面提到的是broker之间的备份，broker里的信息也是可以保存到磁盘的，保存到磁盘的方式也有两种，推荐的方式是异步保存磁盘，同步保存磁盘是非常损耗性能的。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e生产者\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-生产者\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 生产者\" href=\"#生产者\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e生产者支持集群部署，它们向broker集群发送消息，而且支持多种负载均衡的方式。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e当生产者向broker发送消息时，会得到发送结果，发送结果中有一个发送状态。假设我们的配置中，消息的配置\u003ccode\u003eisWaitStoreMsgOK = true\u003c/code\u003e，这个配置默认也是\u003ccode\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e，如果你配置为\u003ccode\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e，在发送消息的过程中，只要不发生异常，发送结果都是\u003ccode\u003eSEND_OK\u003c/code\u003e。当\u003ccode\u003eisWaitStoreMsgOK = true\u003c/code\u003e，发送结果有以下几种，\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFLUSH_DISK_TIMEOUT\u003c/code\u003e：保存磁盘超时，当保存磁盘的方式设置为SYNC_FLUSH（同步），并且在syncFlushTimeout配置的时间内（默认5s），没有完成保存磁盘的动作，将会得到这个状态。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFLUSH_SLAVE_TIMEOUT\u003c/code\u003e：同步“从”超时，当broker的角色设置为“同步主”时，但是在设置的同步时间内，默认为5s，没有完成主从之间的同步，就会得到这个状态。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSLAVE_NOT_AVAILABLE\u003c/code\u003e：“从”不可用，当我们设置“同步主”，但是没有配置“从”broker时，会返回这个状态。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSEND_OK\u003c/code\u003e：消息发送成功。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e再来看看消息重复与消息丢失，当你发现你的消息丢失时，通常有两个选择，一个是丢就丢吧，这样消息就真的丢了；另一个选择是消息重新发送，这样有可能引起消息重复。通常情况下，还是推荐重新发送的，我们在消费消息的时候要去除掉重复的消息。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e发送message的大小一般不超过512k，默认的发送消息的方式是同步的，发送方法会一直阻塞，直到等到返回的响应。如果你比较在意性能，也可以用\u003ccode\u003esend(msg, callback)\u003c/code\u003e异步的方式发送消息。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e消费者\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-消费者\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 消费者\" href=\"#消费者\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e多个消费者可以组成\u003cstrong\u003e消费者组（consumer group）\u003c/strong\u003e，不同的\u003cstrong\u003e消费者组\u003c/strong\u003e可以订阅相同的Topic，也可以独立的消费Topic，每一个消费者组都有自己的消费偏移量。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e消息的消费方式一般有两种，顺序消费和并发消费。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e顺序消费：消费者将锁住消息队列，确保消息按照顺序一个一个的被消费掉，顺序消费会引起一部分性能损失。在消费消息的时候，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是应该返回\u003ccode\u003eSUSPEND_CURRENT_QUEUE_A_MOMENT\u003c/code\u003e这个状态，它将告诉消费者过一段时间后，会重新消费这个消息。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e并发消费：消费者将并发的消费消息，这种方式的性能非常好，也是推荐的消费方式。在消费的过程中，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是返回\u003ccode\u003eRECONSUME_LATER\u003c/code\u003e状态，它告诉消费者现在不能正确的消费它，过一段时间后，会再次消费它。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e在消费者内部，是使用\u003ccode\u003eThreadPoolExecutor\u003c/code\u003e作为线程池的，我们可以通过\u003ccode\u003esetConsumeThreadMin\u003c/code\u003e和\u003ccode\u003esetConsumeThreadMax\u003c/code\u003e设置最小消费线程和最大消费线程。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e当一个新的消费者组建立以后，它要决定是否消费之前的历史消息，\u003ccode\u003eCONSUME_FROM_LAST_OFFSET\u003c/code\u003e将忽略历史消息，消费新的消息。\u003ccode\u003eCONSUME_FROM_FIRST_OFFSET\u003c/code\u003e将消费队列中的每一个消息，之前的历史消息也会再消费一遍。\u003ccode\u003eCONSUME_FROM_TIMESTAMP\u003c/code\u003e可以指定消费消息的时间，指定时间以后的消息会被消费。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e如果你的应用不能容忍重复消费，那么在消费消息的过程中，要做好消息的校验。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e好了，今天就到这里吧，下一篇我们将介绍RocketMQ的环境搭建。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","richTextTruncated":false,"renderedFileInfo":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":false,"symbols":[{"name":"[RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念](https://www.cnblogs.com/boboooo/p/13038950.html)","fully_qualified_name":"[RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念](https://www.cnblogs.com/boboooo/p/13038950.html)","kind":"section_1","ident_start":2,"ident_end":88,"extent_start":0,"extent_end":5718,"ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":2},"end":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":70}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"名称服务（NameServer）","fully_qualified_name":"名称服务（NameServer）","kind":"section_2","ident_start":884,"ident_end":912,"extent_start":881,"extent_end":1420,"ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":3},"end":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":19}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":23,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"Broker","fully_qualified_name":"Broker","kind":"section_2","ident_start":1423,"ident_end":1429,"extent_start":1420,"extent_end":2273,"ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":23,"utf16_col":3},"end":{"line_number":23,"utf16_col":9}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":23,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":31,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"生产者","fully_qualified_name":"生产者","kind":"section_2","ident_start":2276,"ident_end":2285,"extent_start":2273,"extent_end":3991,"ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":31,"utf16_col":3},"end":{"line_number":31,"utf16_col":6}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":31,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":46,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"消费者","fully_qualified_name":"消费者","kind":"section_2","ident_start":3994,"ident_end":4003,"extent_start":3991,"extent_end":5718,"ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":46,"utf16_col":3},"end":{"line_number":46,"utf16_col":6}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":46,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":0}}}]}},"codeViewLayoutRoute":{"repo":{"id":131732782,"defaultBranch":"master","name":"JavaTutorial","ownerLogin":"h2pl","currentUserCanPush":false,"isFork":false,"isEmpty":false,"createdAt":"2018-05-01T15:57:21.000Z","ownerAvatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20679558?v=4","public":true,"private":false,"isOrgOwned":false,"isArchived":false},"currentUser":null,"uploadToken":"gvnDmoiQiStVVkm05KrZX1N0cR3yh1fKYMex7w-6Z0YYFRktkV0MW6ak_cR56YcyMqHmWr7NyBEaxbj3ZUd3TA","allShortcutsEnabled":false,"treeExpanded":true,"path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：顺序消费.md","symbolsExpanded":false,"refInfo":{"name":"master","listCacheKey":"v0:1747737396.0","canEdit":false,"currentOid":"f7dc65e3b5d850b64807727cda99edb54103211e"},"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","githubDevUrl":null},"codeViewFileTreeLayoutRoute":{"fileTree":{"docs/mq/RocketMQ":{"items":[{"name":"RocketMQ系列：事务消息（最终一致性）.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：事务消息（最终一致性）.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：基本概念.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：基本概念.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：广播与延迟消息.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：广播与延迟消息.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：批量发送与过滤.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：批量发送与过滤.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：消息的生产与消费.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：消息的生产与消费.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：环境搭建.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：环境搭建.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RocketMQ系列：顺序消费.md","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：顺序消费.md","contentType":"file"}],"totalCount":7},"docs/mq":{"items":[{"name":"RocketMQ","path":"docs/mq/RocketMQ","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"kafka","path":"docs/mq/kafka","contentType":"directory"}],"totalCount":2},"docs":{"items":[{"name":"Java","path":"docs/Java","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"JavaWeb","path":"docs/JavaWeb","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"Spring全家桶","path":"docs/Spring全家桶","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"backend","path":"docs/backend","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"cache","path":"docs/cache","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"cs","path":"docs/cs","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"database","path":"docs/database","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"distributed","path":"docs/distributed","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"hxx","path":"docs/hxx","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"interview","path":"docs/interview","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"monitor","path":"docs/monitor","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"mq","path":"docs/mq","contentType":"directory"}],"totalCount":12},"":{"items":[{"name":"docs","path":"docs","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"src","path":"src","contentType":"directory"},{"name":".gitignore","path":".gitignore","contentType":"file"},{"name":"ReadMe.md","path":"ReadMe.md","contentType":"file"},{"name":"pom.xml","path":"pom.xml","contentType":"file"}],"totalCount":5}},"fileTreeProcessingTime":85.039335,"foldersToFetch":[]},"codeViewBlobLayoutRoute":{"codeLineWrapEnabled":fals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[RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念](https://www.cnblogs.com/boboooo/p/13038950.html)","","","","","","RocketMQ是阿里出品的一款开源的消息中间件，让其声名大噪的就是它的事务消息的功能。在企业中，消息中间件选择使用RocketMQ的还是挺多的，这一系列的文章都是针对RocketMQ的，咱们先从RocketMQ的一些基本概念和环境的搭建开始聊起。","","RocketMQ由4部分组成，分别是：名称服务（Name Server）、消息队列（Brokers）、生产者（producer）和消费者（consumer）。这4部分都可以进行水平扩展，从而避免单点故障，如下图，","","![](https://java-tutorial.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/1191201-20200603173058174-1551688390.png)","","这是RocketMQ官网上的一张图，非常清晰的列出了4个部分，并且都是集群模式。下面我们就分别说一说这4部分。","","## 名称服务（NameServer）","","Name Server扮演的角色是一个注册中心，和Zookeeper的作用差不多。它的主要功能有两个，如下：","","*   broker的管理：broker集群将自己的信息注册到NameServer，NameServer提供心跳机制检测每一个broker是否正常。","*   路由管理：每一个NameServer都有整个broker集群和队列的信息，以便客户端（生产者和消费者）查询。","","NameServer协调着分布式系统中的每一个组件，并且管理着每一个Topic的路由信息。","","## Broker","","Broker主要是存储消息，并且提供Topic的机制。它提供推和拉两种模式，还有一些容灾的措施，比如可以配置消息副本。下面我们看一看Brokcer的主从机制。","","Broker的角色分为“异步主”、“同步主”和“从”三个角色。如果你不能容忍消息的丢失，你可以配置一个“同步主”和“从”两个Broker，如果你觉得消息丢失也无所谓，只要队列可用就ok的话，你可以配置“异步主”和“从”两个broker。如果你只是想简单的搭建，只配置一个“异步主”，不配置“从”也是可以的。","","上面提到的是broker之间的备份，broker里的信息也是可以保存到磁盘的，保存到磁盘的方式也有两种，推荐的方式是异步保存磁盘，同步保存磁盘是非常损耗性能的。","","## 生产者","","生产者支持集群部署，它们向broker集群发送消息，而且支持多种负载均衡的方式。","","当生产者向broker发送消息时，会得到发送结果，发送结果中有一个发送状态。假设我们的配置中，消息的配置`isWaitStoreMsgOK = true`，这个配置默认也是`true`，如果你配置为`false`，在发送消息的过程中，只要不发生异常，发送结果都是`SEND_OK`。当`isWaitStoreMsgOK = true`，发送结果有以下几种，","","*   `FLUSH_DISK_TIMEOUT`：保存磁盘超时，当保存磁盘的方式设置为SYNC_FLUSH（同步），并且在syncFlushTimeout配置的时间内（默认5s），没有完成保存磁盘的动作，将会得到这个状态。","*   `FLUSH_SLAVE_TIMEOUT`：同步“从”超时，当broker的角色设置为“同步主”时，但是在设置的同步时间内，默认为5s，没有完成主从之间的同步，就会得到这个状态。","*   `SLAVE_NOT_AVAILABLE`：“从”不可用，当我们设置“同步主”，但是没有配置“从”broker时，会返回这个状态。","*   `SEND_OK`：消息发送成功。","","再来看看消息重复与消息丢失，当你发现你的消息丢失时，通常有两个选择，一个是丢就丢吧，这样消息就真的丢了；另一个选择是消息重新发送，这样有可能引起消息重复。通常情况下，还是推荐重新发送的，我们在消费消息的时候要去除掉重复的消息。","","发送message的大小一般不超过512k，默认的发送消息的方式是同步的，发送方法会一直阻塞，直到等到返回的响应。如果你比较在意性能，也可以用`send(msg, callback)`异步的方式发送消息。","","## 消费者","","多个消费者可以组成**消费者组（consumer group）**，不同的**消费者组**可以订阅相同的Topic，也可以独立的消费Topic，每一个消费者组都有自己的消费偏移量。","","消息的消费方式一般有两种，顺序消费和并发消费。","","*   顺序消费：消费者将锁住消息队列，确保消息按照顺序一个一个的被消费掉，顺序消费会引起一部分性能损失。在消费消息的时候，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是应该返回`SUSPEND_CURRENT_QUEUE_A_MOMENT`这个状态，它将告诉消费者过一段时间后，会重新消费这个消息。","*   并发消费：消费者将并发的消费消息，这种方式的性能非常好，也是推荐的消费方式。在消费的过程中，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是返回`RECONSUME_LATER`状态，它告诉消费者现在不能正确的消费它，过一段时间后，会再次消费它。","","在消费者内部，是使用`ThreadPoolExecutor`作为线程池的，我们可以通过`setConsumeThreadMin`和`setConsumeThreadMax`设置最小消费线程和最大消费线程。","","当一个新的消费者组建立以后，它要决定是否消费之前的历史消息，`CONSUME_FROM_LAST_OFFSET`将忽略历史消息，消费新的消息。`CONSUME_FROM_FIRST_OFFSET`将消费队列中的每一个消息，之前的历史消息也会再消费一遍。`CONSUME_FROM_TIMESTAMP`可以指定消费消息的时间，指定时间以后的消息会被消费。","","如果你的应用不能容忍重复消费，那么在消费消息的过程中，要做好消息的校验。","","好了，今天就到这里吧，下一篇我们将介绍RocketMQ的环境搭建。"],"stylingDirectives":[[[0,70,"pl-mh"],[2,70,"pl-en"],[2,3,"pl-s"],[20,21,"pl-s"],[21,22,"pl-s"],[22,69,"pl-corl"],[69,70,"pl-s"]],[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[[0,2,"pl-s"],[2,3,"pl-s"],[3,4,"pl-s"],[4,95,"pl-corl"],[95,96,"pl-s"]],[],[],[],[[0,19,"pl-mh"],[3,19,"pl-en"]],[],[],[],[[0,1,"pl-v"]],[[0,1,"pl-v"]],[],[],[],[[0,9,"pl-mh"],[3,9,"pl-en"]],[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[[0,6,"pl-mh"],[3,6,"pl-en"]],[],[],[],[[52,53,"pl-s"],[53,76,"pl-c1"],[76,77,"pl-s"],[86,87,"pl-s"],[87,91,"pl-c1"],[91,92,"pl-s"],[99,100,"pl-s"],[100,105,"pl-c1"],[105,106,"pl-s"],[131,132,"pl-s"],[132,139,"pl-c1"],[139,140,"pl-s"],[142,143,"pl-s"],[143,166,"pl-c1"],[166,167,"pl-s"]],[],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[4,5,"pl-s"],[5,23,"pl-c1"],[23,24,"pl-s"]],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[4,5,"pl-s"],[5,24,"pl-c1"],[24,25,"pl-s"]],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[4,5,"pl-s"],[5,24,"pl-c1"],[24,25,"pl-s"]],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[4,5,"pl-s"],[5,12,"pl-c1"],[12,13,"pl-s"]],[],[],[],[[71,72,"pl-s"],[72,91,"pl-c1"],[91,92,"pl-s"]],[],[[0,6,"pl-mh"],[3,6,"pl-en"]],[],[[9,11,"pl-s"],[31,33,"pl-s"],[37,39,"pl-s"],[43,45,"pl-s"]],[],[],[],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[83,84,"pl-s"],[84,114,"pl-c1"],[114,115,"pl-s"]],[[0,1,"pl-v"],[69,70,"pl-s"],[70,85,"pl-c1"],[85,86,"pl-s"]],[],[[10,11,"pl-s"],[11,29,"pl-c1"],[29,30,"pl-s"],[43,44,"pl-s"],[44,63,"pl-c1"],[63,64,"pl-s"],[65,66,"pl-s"],[66,85,"pl-c1"],[85,86,"pl-s"]],[],[[30,31,"pl-s"],[31,55,"pl-c1"],[55,56,"pl-s"],[71,72,"pl-s"],[72,97,"pl-c1"],[97,98,"pl-s"],[126,127,"pl-s"],[127,149,"pl-c1"],[149,150,"pl-s"]],[],[],[],[]],"colorizedLines":null}},"title":"JavaTutorial/docs/mq/RocketMQ/RocketMQ系列：顺序消费.md 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class="BlobContent-module__blobContentSection__VOgZq BlobContent-module__blobContentSectionMarkdown__mPLOK" style="margin-top:46px"><div class="js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned BlobContent-module__markdownBlob__T8jpG" data-hpc="true" containertiming="hpc"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/boboooo/p/13038950.html" rel="nofollow">RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念</a></h1><a id="user-content-rocketmq系列一基本概念" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: RocketMQ系列（一）基本概念" href="#rocketmq系列一基本概念"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">RocketMQ是阿里出品的一款开源的消息中间件，让其声名大噪的就是它的事务消息的功能。在企业中，消息中间件选择使用RocketMQ的还是挺多的，这一系列的文章都是针对RocketMQ的，咱们先从RocketMQ的一些基本概念和环境的搭建开始聊起。</p>
<p dir="auto">RocketMQ由4部分组成，分别是：名称服务（Name Server）、消息队列（Brokers）、生产者（producer）和消费者（consumer）。这4部分都可以进行水平扩展，从而避免单点故障，如下图，</p>
<p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fda52ab49127e8e90db0b673a7c20bcef06be538070adf984786796af115ca34/68747470733a2f2f6a6176612d7475746f7269616c2e6f73732d636e2d7368616e676861692e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f313139313230312d32303230303630333137333035383137342d313535313638383339302e706e67"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fda52ab49127e8e90db0b673a7c20bcef06be538070adf984786796af115ca34/68747470733a2f2f6a6176612d7475746f7269616c2e6f73732d636e2d7368616e676861692e616c6979756e63732e636f6d2f313139313230312d32303230303630333137333035383137342d313535313638383339302e706e67" alt="" data-canonical-src="https://java-tutorial.oss-cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com/1191201-20200603173058174-1551688390.png" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p>
<p dir="auto">这是RocketMQ官网上的一张图，非常清晰的列出了4个部分，并且都是集群模式。下面我们就分别说一说这4部分。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">名称服务（NameServer）</h2><a id="user-content-名称服务nameserver" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 名称服务（NameServer）" href="#名称服务nameserver"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">Name Server扮演的角色是一个注册中心，和Zookeeper的作用差不多。它的主要功能有两个，如下：</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>broker的管理：broker集群将自己的信息注册到NameServer，NameServer提供心跳机制检测每一个broker是否正常。</li>
<li>路由管理：每一个NameServer都有整个broker集群和队列的信息，以便客户端（生产者和消费者）查询。</li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">NameServer协调着分布式系统中的每一个组件，并且管理着每一个Topic的路由信息。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Broker</h2><a id="user-content-broker" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Broker" href="#broker"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">Broker主要是存储消息，并且提供Topic的机制。它提供推和拉两种模式，还有一些容灾的措施，比如可以配置消息副本。下面我们看一看Brokcer的主从机制。</p>
<p dir="auto">Broker的角色分为“异步主”、“同步主”和“从”三个角色。如果你不能容忍消息的丢失，你可以配置一个“同步主”和“从”两个Broker，如果你觉得消息丢失也无所谓，只要队列可用就ok的话，你可以配置“异步主”和“从”两个broker。如果你只是想简单的搭建，只配置一个“异步主”，不配置“从”也是可以的。</p>
<p dir="auto">上面提到的是broker之间的备份，broker里的信息也是可以保存到磁盘的，保存到磁盘的方式也有两种，推荐的方式是异步保存磁盘，同步保存磁盘是非常损耗性能的。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">生产者</h2><a id="user-content-生产者" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 生产者" href="#生产者"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">生产者支持集群部署，它们向broker集群发送消息，而且支持多种负载均衡的方式。</p>
<p dir="auto">当生产者向broker发送消息时，会得到发送结果，发送结果中有一个发送状态。假设我们的配置中，消息的配置<code>isWaitStoreMsgOK = true</code>，这个配置默认也是<code>true</code>，如果你配置为<code>false</code>，在发送消息的过程中，只要不发生异常，发送结果都是<code>SEND_OK</code>。当<code>isWaitStoreMsgOK = true</code>，发送结果有以下几种，</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li><code>FLUSH_DISK_TIMEOUT</code>：保存磁盘超时，当保存磁盘的方式设置为SYNC_FLUSH（同步），并且在syncFlushTimeout配置的时间内（默认5s），没有完成保存磁盘的动作，将会得到这个状态。</li>
<li><code>FLUSH_SLAVE_TIMEOUT</code>：同步“从”超时，当broker的角色设置为“同步主”时，但是在设置的同步时间内，默认为5s，没有完成主从之间的同步，就会得到这个状态。</li>
<li><code>SLAVE_NOT_AVAILABLE</code>：“从”不可用，当我们设置“同步主”，但是没有配置“从”broker时，会返回这个状态。</li>
<li><code>SEND_OK</code>：消息发送成功。</li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">再来看看消息重复与消息丢失，当你发现你的消息丢失时，通常有两个选择，一个是丢就丢吧，这样消息就真的丢了；另一个选择是消息重新发送，这样有可能引起消息重复。通常情况下，还是推荐重新发送的，我们在消费消息的时候要去除掉重复的消息。</p>
<p dir="auto">发送message的大小一般不超过512k，默认的发送消息的方式是同步的，发送方法会一直阻塞，直到等到返回的响应。如果你比较在意性能，也可以用<code>send(msg, callback)</code>异步的方式发送消息。</p>
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">消费者</h2><a id="user-content-消费者" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 消费者" href="#消费者"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
<p dir="auto">多个消费者可以组成<strong>消费者组（consumer group）</strong>，不同的<strong>消费者组</strong>可以订阅相同的Topic，也可以独立的消费Topic，每一个消费者组都有自己的消费偏移量。</p>
<p dir="auto">消息的消费方式一般有两种，顺序消费和并发消费。</p>
<ul dir="auto">
<li>顺序消费：消费者将锁住消息队列，确保消息按照顺序一个一个的被消费掉，顺序消费会引起一部分性能损失。在消费消息的时候，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是应该返回<code>SUSPEND_CURRENT_QUEUE_A_MOMENT</code>这个状态，它将告诉消费者过一段时间后，会重新消费这个消息。</li>
<li>并发消费：消费者将并发的消费消息，这种方式的性能非常好，也是推荐的消费方式。在消费的过程中，如果出现异常，不建议直接抛出，而是返回<code>RECONSUME_LATER</code>状态，它告诉消费者现在不能正确的消费它，过一段时间后，会再次消费它。</li>
</ul>
<p dir="auto">在消费者内部，是使用<code>ThreadPoolExecutor</code>作为线程池的，我们可以通过<code>setConsumeThreadMin</code>和<code>setConsumeThreadMax</code>设置最小消费线程和最大消费线程。</p>
<p dir="auto">当一个新的消费者组建立以后，它要决定是否消费之前的历史消息，<code>CONSUME_FROM_LAST_OFFSET</code>将忽略历史消息，消费新的消息。<code>CONSUME_FROM_FIRST_OFFSET</code>将消费队列中的每一个消息，之前的历史消息也会再消费一遍。<code>CONSUME_FROM_TIMESTAMP</code>可以指定消费消息的时间，指定时间以后的消息会被消费。</p>
<p dir="auto">如果你的应用不能容忍重复消费，那么在消费消息的过程中，要做好消息的校验。</p>
<p dir="auto">好了，今天就到这里吧，下一篇我们将介绍RocketMQ的环境搭建。</p>
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