Reasoning, Learning, and Creativity: Frontal Lobe Function and Human Decision-Making
Figure 3
Predicted versus observed decisions with no contextual cues.
Correct and exploratory response rates as well as mutual dependences of successive correct decisions in recurrent (red) and open (green) episodes plotted against the number of trials following episode onsets. Lines ± error bars (mean ± S.E.M.): performances predicted by fitted RL, FORGET, MAX, and PROBE models. RL, reinforcement learning model including a single actor learning stimulus-response associations (details in Figure 2, legend). Correct and exploratory response rates were computed in every trial according to the actual history of participants' responses. Mutual dependence of successive correct decisions predicted by each fitted model was computed as the mutual information between two successive correct responses produced by the model independently of actual participants' responses (one simulation for each participant). Stars show significant differences at p<0.05 (mutual dependences on the first eight trials between recurrent and open episodes. t tests, RL & FORGET, all ts<1. MAX, all ts<2, ps>0.06; PROBE, all ts>3.2, ps<0.004). Lines ± shaded areas (mean+S.E.M.): human performances (data from Figure 1). Insets magnify the plots for Trials 7, 8, and 9. See Table S1 for fitted model parameters. See Text S1 for the discrepancy observed in Trial 5 between participants' exploratory responses and model predictions (section “Comments on Model Fits”).