Abstract
This qualitative case study investigated how an early childhood teacher and young children in a public White-predominant kindergarten classroom engaged in critical discussions of anti-bias issues including racism, White privilege, gender stereotypes, gender nonconformity, sexism, and homophobia. Through the use of interactive read-alouds using anti-bias picture books, the study’s findings revealed that (a) the children could participate in thoughtful interactions during anti-bias read-aloud sessions and showed their complex understanding of race and gender issues; (b) the children needed substantial support to engage in activism against social injustices; (c) the children displayed a variety of responses to the discussion questions and activities related to gender-themed picture books as most children had difficulties resisting gender binary conceptions and stereotypes while some children, especially boys, were strongly empowered to embrace gender-nonconforming practices; and finally (d) some children internalized and enacted anti-immigrant, anti-Blackness, and racial/gender discriminatory actions to which the early childhood teacher often failed to either disrupt or intervene.


Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
06 June 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01360-z
Notes
The data collection phase of this study was disrupted due to COVID-19 pandemic. Out of 16 planned reading sessions of eight selected picture books, we completed eight reading sessions of four picture books. The reported data were based on the completed reading units.
References
Allan, A., Atkinson, E., Brace, E., DePalma, R., & Hemingway, J. (2008). Speaking the unspeakable in forbidden places: Addressing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender equality in the primary school. Sex Education, 8(3), 315–328.
Ballentine, D., & Hill, L. (2000). Teaching beyond once upon a time. Language Arts, 78(1), 11–20.
Baugher, A. R., & Gazmararian, J. A. (2015). Masculine gender role stress and violence: A literature review and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 107–112.
Beneke, M. R., & Cheatham, G. A. (2019). Race talk in preschool classrooms: Academic readiness and participation during shared-book reading. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 19(1), 107–133.
Beneke, M. R., & Cheatham, G. A. (2020). Teacher candidates talking (but not talking) about dis/ability and race in preschool. Journal of Literacy Research, 52(3), 245–268.
Bishop, R. S. (1990). Mirrors, windows, and sliding glass doors. Perspectives, 6(3), ix–xi.
Blaise, M. (2005). Playing it straight: Uncovering gender discourse in the early childhood classroom. Routledge.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Colorblind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Boutte, G. S. (2008). Beyond the illusion of diversity: How early childhood teachers can promote social justice. The Social Studies, 99(4), 165–173.
Boutte, G., & Bryan, N. (2019). When will Black children be well? Interrupting anti-Black violence in early childhood classrooms and schools. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949119890598.
Boutte, G. S., Lopez-Robertson, J., & Powers-Costello, E. (2011). Moving beyond colorblindness in early childhood classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 39(5), 335.
Boyd, F. B., Causey, L. L., & Galda, L. (2015). Culturally diverse literature: Enriching variety in an era of Common Core State Standards. The Reading Teacher, 68(5), 378–387.
Cohen, L. E. (2008). Foucault and the early childhood classroom. Educational Studies, 44(1), 7–21.
Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
Derman-Sparks, L. (1989). Anti-bias curriculum: Tools for empowering young children. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Derman-Sparks, L. (2008). Keep on, keeping on: Progress, challenges and possibilities for anti-bias education. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 6(2), 3–13.
Derman-Sparks, L. (2013). An updated guide for selecting anti-bias children’s books. Teaching for Change’s Bookstore at Busboys and Poets.
Derman-Sparks, L., & Edwards, J. O. (2019). Understanding anti-bias education: Bringing the four core goals to every facet of your curriculum. Young Children, 74(5), 6–12.
Derman-Sparks, L., & Ramsey, P. G. (2011). What if all the kids are white? . Teachers College Press.
Devenny (2020). Race cars. (C. Gordon, Ed.). Frances Lincoln Children's Books.
Dyson, A. H., & Genishi, C. (2005). On the case: Approaches to language and literacy research. . New York: Teachers College Press.
Edwards, J. S. & Derman-Sparks, L. (2020). Conversations that matter: Talking with children about big world issues. Teaching Young Children, November Issue.
Epstein, D., & Johnson, R. (1994). On the straight and narrow: The heterosexual presumption, homophobias and schools. In D. Epstein (Ed.), Challenging lesbian and gay inequalities in education. (pp. 197–230). Open University Press.
Escayg, K. A. (2020). Anti-racism in US early childhood education: Foundational principles. Sociology Compass, 14(4), e12764.
Farago, F., Sanders, K., & Gaias, L. (2015). Addressing race and racism in early childhood: Challenges and opportunities. In J. Sutterby (Ed.), Advances in early education and day care: Discussions on sensitive issues. (pp. 29–66). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Feagin, J. R., & Hernan, V. (2000). White racism: The basics. Routledge.
Gansen, H. M. (2017). Reproducing (and disrupting) heteronormativity: Gendered sexual socialization in preschool classrooms. Sociology of Education, 90(3), 255–272.
Gehl (2019). Except when they don’t (J. Heinsz, Illus.). Little Bee Books.
Giagazoglou, P., & Papadaniil, M. (2018). Effects of a storytelling program with drama techniques to understand and accept intellectual disability in students 6–7 years old: A pilot study. Advances in Physical Education, 8(2), 224–237.
Gunn, A. C. (2011). “Even if you say it three ways, it still doesn’t mean it’s true”: The pervasiveness of heteronormativity in early childhood Education. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 9(3), 280–290.
Harper, L. J. (2016). Using picture books to promote social-emotional literacy. Young Children, 71(3), 80–86.
Hawkins, K. (2014). Teaching for social justice, social responsibility, and social inclusion: A respectful pedagogy for twenty-first century early childhood education. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 22(5), 723–738.
Heath, S. B. (1983). Ways with words: Language, life and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman. (1991). Amazing Grace (C. Binch, Illus.). Dial Books.
Howard, G. R. (2016). We can’t teach what we don’t know: White teachers, multiracial schools. Teachers College Press.
Husband, T. (2012). “I don’t see color”: Challenging assumptions about discussing race with young children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 39(6), 365–371.
Husband, T. (2019). Using multicultural picture books to promote racial justice in urban early childhood literacy classrooms. Urban Education, 54(8), 1058–1084.
Iruka, I., Curenton, S. M., Durden, T. R., & Escayg, K. A. (2020). Don’t look away: Embracing anti-bias classrooms. Gryphon House.
Kim, S. J. (2015). Korean-origin kindergarten children’s response to African-American characters in race-themed picture books. Education Research International, (1), 1–13.
Kim, S. J., Wee, S. J., & Lee, Y. M. (2016). Teaching Kindergartners racial diversity through multicultural literature: A case study in a Kindergarten classroom in Korea. Early Education and Development, 27(3), 402–420.
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Sage Publications.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24.
Lamb, L. M., Bigler, R. S., Liben, L. S., & Green, V. A. (2009). Teaching children to confront peers’ sexist remarks: Implications for theories of gender development and educational practice. Sex Roles, 61(5–6), 361.
Lennox, S. (2013). Interactive read-alouds—An avenue for enhancing children’s language for thinking and understanding: A review of recent research. Early Childhood Education Journal, 41(5), 381–389.
MacNaughton, G. (2005). Doing Foucault in early childhood studies: Applying poststructural ideas. Psychology Press.
Mathis, J. B. (2016). Literature and the young child: Engagement, enactment, and agency from a sociocultural perspective. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(4), 618–629.
McIntosh, P. (1989). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom, 1-3.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Morales, D. X., Grineski, S. E., & Collins, T. W. (2019). School bullying, body size, and gender: An intersectionality approach to understanding US children’s bullying victimization. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(8), 1121–1137.
NAEYC (2019). Advancing equity in early childhood education: A position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. Retrieved from https://www.naeyc.org/resources/position-statements/equity
Nenadal, L., & Mistry, R. S. (2018). Teacher reflections on using inquiry-based instruction to engage young children in conversations about wealth and poverty. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, 44–54.
New, R. S., Mardell, B., & Robinson, D. (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: Going beyond what's "safe" to discovering what's possible. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 7(2), n2.
Newman (2017). Sparkle boy (L. Newman, Illus.). Lee & Low Books.
Park, C. C. (2011). Young children making sense of racial and ethnic differences: A sociocultural approach. American Educational Research Journal, 48(2), 387–420.
Pomerantz, F. (2018). Facilitating teachers’ appreciation and use of controversial picture books. The Reading Professor, 41(1), 20.
Rands, K. E. (2009). Considering transgender people in education: A gender-complex approach. Journal of Teacher Education, 60(4), 419–431.
Robinson, K., & Jones Diaz, C. (2016). Diversity and difference in early childhood education: Issues for theory and practice. (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Robinson, K. H. (2013). Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children’s contemporary lives. Routledge.
Robinson, K. H., Smith, E., & Davies, C. (2017). Responsibilities, tensions and ways forward: Parents’ perspectives on children’s sexuality education. Sex Education, 17(3), 333–347.
Ryan, C. L., & Hermann-Wilmarth, J. M. (2018). Reading the rainbow: LGBTQ-inclusive literacy instruction in the elementary classroom. Teachers College Press.
Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Schope, R. D., & Eliason, M. J. (2004). Sissies and tomboys: Gender role behaviors and homophobia. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 16(2), 73–97.
Sonu, D., & Yoon, H. (2020). Culturally constructed childhood(s): Expanding the meaning of the child in teacher education. The New Educator, 16(2), 101–105.
Souto-Manning, M. (2013). Multicultural teaching in the early childhood classroom: Approaches, strategies, and tools, preschool-2nd grade. Teachers College Press.
Souto-Manning, M., & Hermann-Wilmarth, J. (2008). Teacher inquiries into gay and lesbian families in early childhood classrooms. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 6(3), 263–280.
Souto-Manning, M., & Mitchell, C. H. (2010). The role of action research in fostering culturally-responsive practices in a preschool classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37(4), 269–277.
Souto-Manning, M., & Rabadi-Raol, A. (2018). (Re)Centering quality in early childhood education: Toward intersectional justice for minoritized children. Review of Research in Education, 42(1), 203–225.
Strasser, J., & Seplocha, H. (2007). Using picture books to support young children’s literacy. Childhood Education, 83(4), 219–224.
Tatum, B. D. (2017). Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? . Basic Books.
Vasquez, V. M. (2014). Negotiating critical literacies with young children. Routledge.
Wallis, A., & Van Every, J. (2000). Sexuality in the primary school. Sexualities, 3(4), 409–423.
Willox, L., & Brant, C. (Eds.) (2018). It’s being done in social studies: Race, class, gender and sexuality in the Pre/K-12 curriculum. IAP.
Yu, H. M. (2020). Understanding race and racism among immigrant children: Insights into anti-bias education for all students. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(5), 537–548.
Zimmermann, C. R. (2018). The penalty of being a young black girl: Kindergarten teachers’ perceptions of children’s problem behaviors and student–teacher conflict by the intersection of race and gender. The Journal of Negro Education, 87(2), 154–168.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original online version of this article was revised: the typo in author name in text reference citation Farago et al., 2015 has been corrected.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nguyen, A. “Children Have the Fairest Things to Say”: Young Children’s Engagement with Anti-Bias Picture Books. Early Childhood Educ J 50, 743–759 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01186-1
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01186-1
